UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA 
WAR   SERVICE   RECORD 


FOR  THE 


ACADEMIC  YEAR  1917-1918 


4  TT  ? 


1  4 


UNIVERSITY    OF   CALIFORNIA 
WAR    SERVICE    RECORD 

FOR  THE 

ACADEMIC  YEAR  1917-1918 


[Reprint  from  the  University  of  Califorxia  Chronicle,  Vol.  XX,  No.  3,  July.  1918] 


•  >  o    '     •  : 


UNIVERSITY    OF   CALIFORNIA    PRESS 
BERKELEY 
October,  1918 


E4,Cz 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA 
WAR   SERVICE    RECORD 

FOR  THE  ACADEMIC  YEAR  1917-1918^ 


FOREWOED 

The  University  of  California,  responding  with  an  in- 
stinctive loyalty  and  an  eager  patriotism  to  the  nation 's  call 
for  service,  is  dedicated  to  the  vitally  important  task  of 
training  men  and  women  throughout  the  state  in  war  work. 
With  upwards  of  three  thousand  stars  shining  from  its  ser- 
vice flag,  the  University,  through  its  several  departments, 
its  faculty,  its  alumni  and  its  student  body,  is  employing 
its  full  resources  in  striving  towards  the  one  great  goal  of 
bringing  the  war  to  a  "  speedy  and  successful  termination. ' ' 
On  the  firing  line  in  France,  with  the  nation's  battle  fleet, 
in  the  shipyards,  in  the  laboratories  of  war  science,  in  the 
mines  and  on  the  farms,  at  home  and  abroad,  wherever  the 
call  to  serve  has  come.  University  men  and  women  are  at 
work.  The  University  has  given  of  its  members,  gladly  and 
proudly.  Not  only  are  Californians  listed  on  the  Army, 
Navy,  and  Marine  Corps  rolls,  but  names  on  the  lists  of 
the  California  Council  of  Defense,  the  National  Council 
of  Defense,  the  United  States  Shipping  Board,  the  Pacific 
Coast  Research  Conference,  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture,  the  United  States  Public  Service  Reserve, 
the  War  Trade  Board,  the  Red  Cross,  and  scores  of  com- 


1  Reprinted   from   the    University   op    California    Chronicle,    Vol.    XX, 
Xo.  3,  July,   1918. 


41  R09r^ 


4  UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFOENIA 

mittees  and  sub-committees  of  these  and  other  organiza- 
tions, bear  substantial  testimony  to  the  part  the  University 
is  playing  in  America's  supreme  crisis. 

Further  significant  of  the  University  of  California's 
service  to  the  nation  and  to  the  state  is  the  unfolding  of 
at  least  a  dozen  new  plans  and  projects  since  the  war  record 
contained  in  the  following  pages  was  placed  in  the  printer's 
hands. 

Under  the  direction  of  Ira  B.  Cross,  Associate  Professor 
of  Economics,  a  School  of  Emploj^ment  Management  has 
been  instituted.  The  purpose  of  this  school  is  to  instruct 
employers  of  labor  how  to  minimize  personal  and  national 
loss  resulting  from  the  frequent  turnover  of  labor;  and 
how  to  keep  their  men  content  by  a  spirit  of  cooperation 
and  mutual  confidence  between  worker  and  director. 

To  aid  the  Signal  Corps  of  the  United  States  Army, 
the  University  has  contracted  with  the  War  Department 
Committee  on  Education  and  Special  Training  to  establish 
a  School  for  Radio  Electricians.  Three  hundred  enlisted 
men  will  be  given  instruction  in  a  continuous  thirteen 
weeks'  course  with  a  view  to  fitting  them  to  serve  as  noii- 
commissioned  officers. 

The   Navy    also   has    called    upon    the    University    for 

trained  men.     It  is  announced  that  there  will  be  a  naval 

unit  on  the  campus,  either  as  part  of  the  Students'  Army 

Training  Corps  or  as  an  exclusive  training  unit  for  pros- 

'pective  naval  officers. 

Uniforms  worn  by  men  of  the  Students'  Army  Training 
Corps  will  predominate  at  Berkeley  when  the  fall  term 
opens.  College  men  will  be  enrolled  in  this  new  branch  of 
the  Army,  will  observe  military  discipline,  and  will  pre- 
pare themselves  for  officers'  training  camps.  It  is  proposed 
to  develop  in  the  universities  of  the  country  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  new  officers,  at  the  same  time  permitting  prop- 
erly ([ualified  young  men  to  continue  their  studies  at 
iiislilutions  of  tlieir  own  choice. 


WAE  SEEVICE  BECOBD,  1917-18  5 

Although  specific  mention  is  not  made  of  the  work  of 
the  members  of  various  administrative  departments  of  the 
University,  the  successful  development  of  war  work  could 
not  have  reached  its  present  mark  without  their  earnest 
cooperation  and  their  zeal  in  aiding  the  country  in  the 
capacity  for  which  they  were  best  fitted. 

President  Benj.  Ide  Wheeler,  in  appointing  a  Military 
and  Naval  Administrative  Board  to  coordinate  the  activities 
of  the  various  military  and  naval  schools  on  the  campus, 
has  made  it  possible  to  establish  and  maintain  complete 
harmony  between  the  academic  and  military  authorities. 
It  is  expected  that  the  Board  will  secure  the  maximum 
benefit  from  the  University's  resources  by  the  elimination 
of  duplicate  governing  bodies.  The  Board  represents 
President  Wheeler  in  matters  connected  with  the  admin- 
istration of  military  and  naval  affairs  for  the  University. 
It  cooperates  with  the  Advisory  Committee  of  Deans  of 
the  University,  Professor  Charles  Mills  Gayley,  Dean  of  the 
Faculties,  Professor  William  Carey  Jones,  Dean  of  the 
Graduate  Division,  and  Professor  H.  Morse  Stephens,  Dean 
of  the  College  of  Letters  and  Science.  The  personnel  of 
the  Board  consists  of  T.  M.  Putnam,  Associate  Professor 
of  Mathematics  and  Dean  of  the  Lower  Division,  chairman ; 
James  Sutton,  Recorder  of  the  Faculties ;  Ivan  M.  Lin- 
forth,  Associate  Professor  of  Greek;  Robert  G.  Sproul, 
Assistant  Comptroller  of  the  University,  and  Morse  A. 
.Cartwright,  Assistant  to  the  President. 

Recognizing  that  modern  war  is  a  contest  waged  not 
only  by  those  wearing  khaki  or  the  bluejacket,  but  also 
by  the  non-combatant  population  at  home,  the  Committee 
on  Non-Military  War  Emergency  Courses  contemplates 
courses  preparing  men  and  women  to  solve  the  great  prob- 
lems connected  with  civil  life  in  war  time  and  with  the 
days  of  reconstruction  to  come. 

Under  the  direction  of  K.  C.  Leebrick,  Assistant  Pro- 
fessor of  History,  the  University  is  providing  speakers  to 


6  VNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

talk  to  selective  service  men  on  topics  relating  to  health, 
and  to  the  aims  of  the  war.  The  idea  was  conceived  by 
Adjutant-General  J.  J.  Borree  at  Sacramento,  who  called 
upon  the  University  of  California  to  carry  it  out  in  detail. 
Local  exemption  boards  at  Berkeley  and  Oakland  already 
have  availed  themselves  of  this  branch  of  University 
activitj'. 

To  acquaint  the  public  with  the  underlying  causes  of 
the  great  war,  to  give  information  upon  the  international 
significance  of  events  transpiring  on  the  battle  front,  and 
in  the  legislative  bodies  of  the  belligerent  countries,  it  is 
proposed  to  give  lecture  courses  on  current  events,  not  only 
in  the  class  rooms  in  Berkeley  but  also  in  the  cities  of  the 
state.  Through  the  University  Extension  Division  and 
other  agencies,  the  enlightening  influence  of  the  University 
of  California  will  be  felt  by  thousands  of  citizens  through- 
out the  state. 

Thus  far  the  University  of  California's  war  record  is 
a  compilation  of  evidence  of  its  services  in  time  of  war  to 
America  and  to  California.  And  its  record  will  be  as  sig- 
nificant and  inspiring  for  the  remaining  months  of  the  year 
and  for  as  many  j'ears  as  are  necessary  to  "vindicate  the 
principles  of  peace  and  justice  in  the  life  of  the  world  as 
against  selfish  and  autocratic  power." 

.:     SCHOOL  OF  MILITARY  AERONAUTICS 

The  School  of  Military  Aeronautics  at  Berkeley  is 
conducted  by  the  University  of  California  for  the  United 
States  Army  under  a  contract  by  which  the  University 
receives  a  specified  tuition  fee  for  each  cadet  receiving 
instruction.  The  University  provides  instructors,  all  neces- 
sary buildings  for  barracks  and  instructional  purposes,  and 
laboratory  equipment,  except  special  equipment  such  as 
airplanes  and  engines  furnished  by  the  United  States 
Army. 


WAS  SEBVICE  EECOED,  1917-18  7 

The  original  coutract,  made  in  May,  1917,  was  for  one 
year;  a  new  contract  is  under  consideration  and  will  be 
signed  shortly. 

The  Army  is  represented  by  the  Commandant,  who  is 
in  direct  charge  of  the  cadets  and  is  the  head  of  the  school. 
»  The  University  exercises  its  control  through  an  execu- 
tive head  known  as  the  President  of  the  Academic  Board. 
This  official  is  directly  responsible  to  the  President  of 
the  University  and  to  the  Commandant  of  the  School. 
Assisting  the  President  of  the  Academic  Board  are  a 
Vice-President,  a  Board  of  Examiners,  and  the  following 
standing  committees :  Budget,  Equipment  and  Buildings, 
Publications,  and  Schedule  and  Curriculum. 

The  course  of  instruction  is  prescribed  by  the  United 
States  Army.  The  course  of  eight  weeks  was  increased  in 
March,  1918,  to  twelve  weeks.  The  curriculum  has  been 
changed  from  time  to  time  by  the  authorities  in  Washing- 
ton. At  present  there  are  six  departments :  Military 
Subjects,  Signalling,  Gunnery,  Airplanes,  Engines,  and 
Observation.  Each  department  follows  a  course  definitely 
prescribed  as  to  the  number  of  hours  devoted  to  each  topic 
and  as  to  the  scheduling  of  work  throughout  the  twelve 
weeks. 

The  work  of  each  department  is  administered  by  a 
department  head,  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  Aca- 
demic Board.  Originally,  the  heads  of  departments,  besides 
being  responsible  for  the  work  of  their  departments,  devoted 
some  time  to  instruction.  With  the  continual  growth  of  the 
school,  however,  the  work  of  the  department  heads  is  becom- 
ing more  largely  administrative. 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  administrative  officers,  stand- 
ing committees,  and  heads  of  departments  on  duty  at  the 
school : 


UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFOENIA 


Commandant 

George  B.  Hunter, 

Lieutenant   Colonel,   Signal 
Corps,  United  States  Army. 
Adjutant 

Charles  B.  Crane, 

Captain,  A.  S.,  Sig.  E.  C. 
Detachment   Commander 
W.  C.  Brady, 

Captain,  A.  S.,  Sig.  E.  C, 
Supply  Officer  and  Quarter- 
master 
Jacob  Mary, 

2nd  Lieut.,  A.  S.,  Sig.  E.  C. 
Post  Surgeon 

Bruno  F.  Sandow, 
Captain,  Med.  E.  C. 
Assistant  Post  Surgeon 
Jesse  C.  Edwards, 

1st  Lieut.,  A.  S.,  Sig.  E.  C. 
Albert  S.  Gough, 

1st  Lieut.,  A.  S.,  Sig.  E.  C. 
Post  Dental  Surgeon 
G.  F.  Stoodley, 

1st  Lieut.,  Dental  E.  C. 
Summary  Court 
Harold  B.  Eeed, 

1st  Lieut.,  A.  S.,  Sig.  E.  C. 


Administrative  Officers 

President  of  the  University 

Dr.  Benj.  Ide  Wheeler. 
President  of  the  Academic  Board 

Dr.  Baldwin  M.  Woods. 
Vice-President  of  the  Academic 

Board 

Mr.  G.  M.  Thomas. 


Board  of  Examiners: 

Prof.  B.  F.  Eaber,  President. 

Lieut.  E.  J.  Heffner. 

Mr.  Walter  Dreyer. 
Equipment  and  Buildings: 

Prof.  B.  F.  Eaber,  Chairman. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Waite. 
Publications: 

Mr.  H.  A.  White,  Chairman. 

Mr.  G.  M.  Thomas. 

Lieut.  A.  G.  Smith. 


Standing  Committees 

Schedule  and  Curriculum : 
Mr.  G.  M.  Thomas. 
Lieut.  D.  J.  Conant. 
Budget : 

Lieut.  H.  L.  McLean,  Chair- 
man. 
Mr.  G.  M.  Thomas. 
Mr.  E.  M.  Underhill,  Account- 
ant. 


WAR  SERVICE  RECORD,  1917-18  9 

Heads  of  Departments 

Military  Subjects 

Eoy  J.  Heffner,  1st  Lieut.,  A.  S.,  Sig.  R.  C. 
Signalling 

Eobert  B.  McPherson,  1st  Lieut.,  A.  S.,  Sig.  R.  C. 
Gunnery 

Mr.  G.  R.  McDonald. 
Airplanes 

Howard  L.  McLean,  2nd  Lieut.,  A.  S.,  Sig.  R.  C. 
Engines 

David  J.  Conant,  2nd  Lieut.,  A.  S.,  Sig.  R.  C. 
Observation 

Mr.  R.  A.  White. 

Finances 

Shortly  after  the  formation  of  the  school  in  Maj^  1917, 
a  Budget  Committee  was  appointed  to  keep  the  President 
of  the  Academic  Board  informed  on  finances. 

The  principal  part  of  the  accounting  is  done  by  the 
Accounting  Department  of  the  University.  The  Budget 
Committee  makes  monthly  reports  showing : 

1.  Receipts  and  disbursements  from  the  opening  of  the 
school  to  the  date  of  the  report. 

2.  Receipts  and  disbursements  for  the  month  of  the 
report. 

3.  An  estimate  of  receipts  and  expenditures  for  the  com- 
ing month,  divided  according  to  accounts  and  departments. 

The  cost  of  permanent  improvements  for  the  duration 
of  the  war,  such  as  barracks  and  laboratory  buildings,  is 
charged  off  in  monthly  installments  extending  over  periods 
ranging  from  six  months  to  a  year.  Three  laboratory  build- 
ings and  five  barracks  have  been  built  since  the  establish- 
ment of  the  school. 


10  UNIVEHSITT  OF  CALIFOSNIA 

Buildings  and  Equipment  '    < 

The  University  has  constructed  laboratory  buildings 
for  the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics  on  the  campus  near 
the  Mechanics  Building.  The  first  building  constructed 
was  60  X  120  feet  and  provided  sufficient  space  for  labora- 
tories essential  in  the  study  of  signalling,  gunnery,  air- 
planes, engines,  and  aerial  observation.  As  the  size  of  the 
school  increased  the  building  became  inadequate,  and  it 
was  necessary  to  make  two  additions  to  the  original  struc- 
ture. It  also  has  been  necessary  to  construct  an  engine 
laboratory  on  another  part  of  the  campus.  For  lecture 
purposes,  the  rooms  of  the  regular  University  buildings 
have  been  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  School  of  Military 
Aeronautics. 

At  the  opening  of  the  school,  cadets  were  quartered  iu 
fraternity  and  boarding  houses  near  the  campus.  The 
University  at  once  undertook  the  construction  of  barracks, 
and  there  is  now  available  one  large  two-story  building  just 
:south  of  the  campus  and  four  smaller  units  on  the  campus, 
Ithe  last  four  units  being  of  similar  construction.  Space 
for  any  future  increase  will  be  provided  by  building  addi- 
tional units  of  the  same  type  as  the  four  smaller  barracks. 


Department  of  3Iilitary  Subjects 
Lieutenant  E.  J.  Heffner,  Head 

The  Department  of  Military  Subjects  has  been  in  oper- 
ation since  the  opening  of  the  school  in  May,  1917.  At  that 
time  the  work  of  the  department  covered  four  lecture  hours 
per  week,  given  by  one  instructor,  and  divided  into  three 
topics:  Army  Regulation,  Military  Law,  and  Organization 
of  Modern  Foreign  Armies. 

Tn  July,  1917,  the  staff  of  the  department  was  increased 
to  two  instructors.  A  total  of  sixteen  hours  per  week 
and  a  final  examination  at  the  completion  of  the  series  of 


WAR  SERVICE  RECORD,  1917-18  11 

lectures  were  provided.  The  scope  of  the  course  was 
enlarged  to  include  one  lecture  each  on  the  organization 
of  the  United  States,  German,  British,  and  French  armies. 
Since  that  time  instructors  and  lectures  have  been  con- 
tinually added.  Both  the  topics  discussed  and  the  number 
of  hours  devoted  to  each  have  been  increased. 

At  the  close  of  last  year  a  total  of  twenty-eight  hours  of 
work  per  week  was  provided  for  in  the  curriculum,  in- 
cluding a  final  examination  and  lectures  on  Organization 
of  the  Schools  of  Aeronautics,  Militaiy  Law,  Military  Dis- 
cipline, Esprit  de  Corps,  Military  Courtesy  and  Ideals, 
Administration  and  Organizaton  of  the  Unted  States  Army, 
Regulations  of  the  United  States  Army,  Military  Hygiene, 
Sanitation  and  First  Aid,  Army  Paper  Work,  Methods  of 
Modern  Warfare,  and  Morale  of  the  Air  Service. 

In  March,  1918,  the  number  of  hours  of  work  per  week 
was  virtually  doubled,  and  at  present  reaches  a  total  of 
fifty-four  hours.  The  course  includes  lectures,  demonstra- 
tions and  examinations.  The  following  brief  outline  of 
the  present  instruction  may  prove  of  interest: 

The  subjects  of  Military  Hygiene,  First  Aid  and  Sani- 
tation are  discussed  and  demonstrated  in  a  series  of  seven 
lectures.  Elementary  principles  of  personal  hygiene,  com- 
municable diseases,  camp  and  barracks  sanitation,  emer- 
gency treatment  for  the  injured,  etc.,  are  explained. 

Military  Discipline  receives  but  one  hour  in  the  lecture 
room,  but  its  principles  are  practiced  throughout  the  entire 
course  of  twelve  weeks. 

Military  Courtesy  is  discussed  in  a  series  of  two  lec- 
tures. Rules  for  saluting,  honors  and  courtesies  to  the 
colors  and  the  national  anthem,  etc.,  are  explained  and 
emphasized. 

The  principles  of  Guard  Duty  are  brought  out  in  two 
lectures. 

The  subject  of  Administration  and  Organization  of  tlie 
United  States  Army  is  taken  up  in  brief  synoptical  form, 
three  hours  being  given  to  such  discussion. 


12  UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  Paper  Work  of  the  Army,  including  military  corre- 
spondence, blank  forms,  requisitions,  accounts,  reports,  etc., 
receives  attention,  ten  hours  being  devoted  to  lectures,  dis- 
cussions and  practice. 

Army  Regulations  governing  both  officers  and  enlisted 
men  are  studied. 

Military  Law  and  the  Articles  of  War,  including  the 
system  of  military  tribunals,  courts  and  commissions,  is 
discussed  in  a  series  of  lectures  covering  five  hours.  At 
the  completion  of  this  series  the  students  themselves  hold  a 
mock  court-martial  for  practice  in  legal  work. 

Methods  of  Modern  Warfare,  including  construction  of 
trenches,  service  in  the  trenches,  methods  of  attack  and 
defense  on  European  battle  fields  and  organization  of  mod- 
ern foreign  armies  are  discussed  in  a  series  of  four  lectures. 
Seven  hours  of  discussion  and  drill  in  the  use  of  gas  masks 
give  the  student  elementary  instruction  in  defense  against 
gas  attacks. 

One  hour  is  spent  in  discussing  the  elementary  prin- 
ciples and  benefits  of  infantry  drill  as  practiced  by  mem- 
bers of  the  Aviation  Service.  The  proper  methods  of  giving 
commands  as  well  as  general  theories  of  drill  movements 
are  explained.  This  is  coordinated  with  the  practical  work 
on  the  drill  field. 

In  the  last  lecture  the  subject  of  Morale  in  the  Air 
Service  is  discussed  with  an  idea  of  building  up  pride  in 
the  organization,  faitli  in  its  progress  and  powers  and  gen- 
eral satisfaction  among  its  members. 

Eleven  instructors  are  connected  with  the  department. 
Students  are  furnished  with  sets  of  notes  mimeographed 
in  skeleton  form  and  are  instructed  to  fill  in  details  from 
the  material  presented  in  the  lecture  room.  In  this  manner 
a  logically  arranged  set  of  notes  is  assured  the  student,  who 
is  given  the  opportunity  of  assimilating  the  information 
through  the  act  of  writing  it  himself,  rather  than  reading' 
it  from  a  text.  Each  week  sees  changes  and  improvements 
in  accordance  with  tlie  policies  of  the  War  Department. 


IV AE  SERVICE  FECOED,  1917-18  13 

The  practical  work  in  the  Department  of  Military  Sub- 
jects, consisting  of  drill,  guard  mount,  etc.,  although  listed 
under  this  department  is  actuall}'  conducted  separately, 
under  the  direction  of  Lieutenant  Harold  B.  Reed  as  the 
Department  of  Drill  and  Discipline. 


Department  of  Signalling 

Lieutenant  E.  B.  McPherson,  Head 

The  Department  of  Radio  and  Signalling  was  organized 
as  a  part  of  the  school  in  May,  1917,  for  the  purpose  of 
instructing  cadets  in  radio  telegraphy,  and  the  Radio  Labor- 
atory of  the  College  of  Mechanics  was  turned  over  for  its 
use.  First  practice  in  signalling  was  given  in  one  of  the 
fraternity  houses,  where  the  cadets  were  quartered  at  the 
beginning  of  the  school. 

The  name  of  the  department  was  later  changed  to  the 
Department  of  Signalling,  altliough  the  scope  of  the  course 
remained  practically  the  same.  Practice  in  sending  and 
receiving  the  International  Morse  Code  occupies  most  of 
the  time  of  the  cadets.  This  work  is  given  on  silent  code 
practice  apparatus  which  permits  several  hundred  students 
to  have  simultaneous  individual  practice  time  without  any 
interference. 

The  signalling  laboratories  are  located  in  the  "aero" 
laboratory  and  the  barracks  units  built  by  the  University, 
the  laboratory-  in  "C"  barracks  being  large  enough  to 
accommodate  240  men  doing  individual  work  at  the  same 
time.  Sufficient  apparatus  is  available  at  the  barracks  for 
the  cadets  to  engage  in  a  certain  amount  of  night  practice 
in  addition  to  the  regular  work  required  in  the  daily  cur- 
riculum. 

The  course  also  includes  lectures  on  the  theory  of  wire- 
less telegraphy  and  several  hours  are  devoted  to  visual  sig- 
nalling. 


14  UNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

As  the  size  of  the  school  has  been  increased  it  has  been 
necessary  to  increase  the  staff  from  month  to  mouth  and  it 
is  believed  that  the  efficiency  of  the  department  has  more 
than  kept  pace  with  its  growth. 


Department  of  Gunnery 
Lieutenant  G.  E.  McDonald,  Head 

The  Department  of  Gunnery  is  intended  to  fit  the  cadet 
for  the  advanced  training  which  he  is  given  at  the  flying 
field.  The  curriculum  followed  is  based  on  the  experience 
gained  b}^  the  Allies,  the  cadet  being  taught  to  use  the 
machine  gun  effectively  as  a  weapon  of  offense  and  defense. 
Special  attention  is  given  to  w^ork  in  the  laboratory,  as  the 
aerial  gunner  must  possess  a  fair  amount  of  skill  as  an 
armorer.  This  qualification  enables  him  to  keep  his  gun  in 
action  under  the  most  trj^ing  conditions,  where  the  inability 
successfully  to  reduce  a  jamb  would  be  fatal. 

Laboratory  work  covers  practice  in  the  dissembling  and 
assembling  of  the  various  guns  as  well  as  the  removal  and 
replacement  of  important  parts  of  the  gun  mechanism. 
After  the  work  is  understood  the  adjustment  and  manipu- 
lation of  the  fully  assembled  gun  is  practiced.  This  is 
followed  in  a  systematic  manner  until  the  cadet,  even  when 
blindfolded,  is  able  to  perform  any  operation  which  the 
instructor  may  direct.  This  is  the  final  proof  of  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  gun  mechanism,  and  insures  against  the  fum- 
bling or  maladjustment  of  parts  when  working  under 
adverse  conditions. 

The  training  in  the  laboratory  is  supplemented  by  firing 
practice  on  the  range  where  attention  is  paid  to  marksman- 
ship in  handling  of  the  gun.  Trap  shooting  is  a  valuable 
adjunct  to  this  work,  as  the  prospective  aerial  gunner 
thereby  df^velops  facility  in  judging  accurately  when  firing 
at  a  swiftly  moving  target.  An  interesting  feature  of  the 
firing   practice   is   tlic   drill   in   correcting   stoppages   and 


WAR  SEFVICE  RECOBJ),  1917-18  15 

jambs.  By  applying  the  knowledge  gained  in  the  labora- 
tory and  in  firing  practice  he  is  able  to  diagnose  the  trouble 
and  put  the  gun  in  action. 

Space  for  this  work  is  provided  in  the  temporary  build- 
ings erected  for  the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics  on  the 
campus,  and  on  the  range  back  of  the  Big  "  C  ".  Machine 
guns  and  accompanying  material  of  the  same  pattern  as 
the  Allies  are  using  at  the  front,  enable  the  cadets  to  gain 
the  experience  needed  to  make  them  practical  gunners. 

Trap  shooting,  although  included  under  Organized 
Sports,  is  conducted  by  the  Department  of  Gunnery. 

Airplane  Department 
Lieutenant  H.  L.  McLean,  Head 

AVhen  the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics  started  in 
May,  1917,  the  Airplane  Department  was  housed  in  one  end 
of  the  original  Aeronautics  Laboratory.  Two  obsolete 
training  machines  were  used  for  instruction  in  alignment 
and  a  few  lectures  were  given  in  Theory  of  Flight,  Slicing, 
Care  and  Types  of  Machines. 

The  department  has  gradually  grown  until  it  is  the 
exclusive  occupant  of  one  building,  in  addition  to  a  large 
part  of  the  original  building  and  annex.  Eight  airplanes 
are  in  use  for  instruction  purposes,  two  being  of  the  very 
latest  type  of  training  machine.  A  repair  laboratory  has 
also  been  fitted  up  where  cadets  are  given  practical  instruc- 
tion in  making  wire  splices  of  different  kinds  and  in  patch- 
ing punctured  and  torn  wings. 

Lectures  are  given,  forty-eight  hours  in  all,  on  the 
Theory  of  Flight,  Repair  and  Care  of  Airplanes,  Instru- 
ments, jMeteorology,  and  Types  of  Airplanes  at  present 
in  use. 

The  faculty  of  the  department  at  the  present  time  is 
composed  of  ten  instructors,  with  three  more  to  report 
within  the  next  few  weeks. 


16  UNIFEBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Engines  Department 
Lieutenant  D.  J.  Conant,  Head 

The  Engines  Department  began  its  instruction  in  June, 
1917,  the  curriculum  consisting  of  a  series  of  lectures  with 
a  laboratory  course.  The  lectures  covered  the  use  of  tools, 
fundamental  principles  of  airplane  engines,  the  theory  and 
operation  of  carburetors  and  magnetos,  lubrication  and 
cooling  systems.  In  the  laboratory  the  cadets  were  divided 
into  groups  of  eight,  each  group  having'  an  instructor  who 
illustrated  the  details  of  construction,  operation,  and  adjust- 
ment of  two  makes  of  airplane  engines. 

At  first  the  staff  consisted  of  three  members,  but  with 
constant  changes  in  the  curriculum  and  the  addition  of 
new  equipment  and  engines,  more  instructors  had  to  be 
secured.  A  number  of  large  colored  charts  and  working 
models  of  parts  of  engines  were  made  by  members  of  the 
staff  and  were  used  extensively  in  the  class  rooms. 

When  it  became  necessary  to  run  the  airplane  engines, 
they  were  mounted  on  special  stands  outside  of  the  building. 
The  troubles  experienced  in  engine  operation  were  observed, 
the  cadets  studying  the  causes  of  the  difficulties  and  learn- 
ing how  to  remedy  them. 

The  new  curriculum,  a  twelve  weeks'  course,  gives  the 
Engines  Department  a  broader  field  of  activity.  The  new 
course  requires  work  in  assembling  and  disassembling  of 
engines,  their  testing,  and  the  careful  consideration  of  the 
care  and  operation  of  engine  accessories.  The  increased 
duties  of  the  department  required  a  larger  number  of 
engines  and  equipment  and  it  became  necessary  to  erect  a 
new  building.  Nine  test  stands  and  eight  work  rooms  for 
assembling  and  disassembling,  besides  a  small  shop  for  the 
mainteanance  of  the  engines  and  the  tool  equipment  were 
provided. 

The  engine  equipment  totals  twenty-four  complete 
engines  and  the  parts  of  two  others.  The  staff  comprises 
fifteen  instructors. 


WAR  SEEVICE  EECOED,  W17-18  17 

Depart  men  f  of  Observation 
E.  A.  Waitc,  Head 

The  work  in  the  Department  of  Aerial  Observation,  as 
it  was  called  in  May,  1917,  consisted  of  lectures  and  prac- 
tice in  Map  Reading,  and  lectures  on  Cooperation  of  Air- 
planes with  Artillery,  Cooperation  of  Airplanes  with  In- 
fantry (or  Contact  Patrol),  Reconnaissance,  and  Aerial 
Photography.  The  miniature  range,  or  the  artillery  obser- 
vation range,  was  built  for  the  practical  work  in  this 
department,  princii')ally  in  connection  with  the  course  on 
Cooperation  of  Airplanes  with  Artillery. 

Until  January,  1918,  all  instruction  in  this  department 
was  taken  directly  from  present  day  British  methods. 
After  January  the  modern  French  system  was  substituted. 
In  October,  1917,  the  course  in  Map  Reading  was  taken 
from  this  department  to  form  the  basis  for  a  new  Depart- 
ment of  Aids  to  Flight.  Lectures  on  Theory  of  Flight, 
Cross-country  Flying,  Meteorology,  Night  Flying,  Astron- 
omy, and  Instruments  comprised  the  remainder  of  the 
work  in  this  department.  In  January,  1918,  the  new  min- 
iature range,  capable  of  accommodating  seventy-two  men, 
was  put  into  operation  and  the  old  range,  with  a  capacity 
of  twentj'-six  men,  was  abandoned. 

In  May,  1918,  following  a  very  material  change  in  the 
work,  the  name  of  the  department  was  changed  to  Obser- 
vation. The  lectures  on  Cooperation  of  Airplanes  with 
Artillery  and  the  practice  work  on  the  miniature  range 
were  increased.  The  lectures  on  Cooperation  of  Airplanes 
with  Infantry  and  Reconnaissance  were  eliminated.  The 
lectures  on  Aerial  Photograph}'-  were  reduced  to  two  lan- 
tern slide  lectures  covering  the  interpretation  of  aerial 
photographs.  The  work  in  Map  Reading  was  increased 
slightly  and  again  brought  under  the  Department  of  Obser- 
vation. The  work  that  had  been  given  in  the  Department 
of  Aids  to  Flight  was  either  eliminated  or  transferred  to 
other  departments. 


18  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  activities  of  the  Department  of  Observation  now 
cover  Map  Reading,  lectures  and  practice,  including  the 
interpretation  of  aerial  photographs;  Cooperation  of  Air- 
planes with  Artillerj^,  and  lectures  and  practical  work  on 
the  artillery  observation  range. 

The  artillery  observation  range,  or  miniature  range,  was 
adopted  in  the  aviation  ground  schools  to  provide  some 
practical  means  of  aerial  observation.  The  general  method 
was  taken  from  the  British  ground  schools,  but  the  manner 
of  working  out  the  details  and  of  giving  instruction  differs 
in  each  of  the  various  ground  schools  in  this  country. 

The  essential  feature  of  the  range  is  a  painting  of  a 
certain  section  of  country  as  it  would  appear  from  an  air- 
plane. The  painting  is  made  on  canvas,  sized  to  render  it 
translucent,  and  is  taken  from  a  certain  section  of  the  artil- 
lery map  furnished  each  cadet.  The  scale  is  such  as  to 
present  to  the  eye  of  the  observer  in  the  gallery  sixteen 
feet  above  it,  the  same  appearance  as  the  actual  country 
from  a  height  of  about  eleven  thousand  feet. 

There  are  two  balconies  extending  around  the  room,  the 
upper  one  being  the  observers'  gallery  and  the  lower  one 
the  battery  commanders'  gallery.  There  are  seats  for 
thirty-six  iiicn  in  each  gallery,  thus  making  it  possible  for 
two  instructors  to  supervise  a  class  of  seventy-two  men, 
working  in  pairs.  Communication  between  two  men  work- 
ing together  as  observer  and  batter}^  commander  is  estab- 
lished through  imitation  wireless  sets.  The  observer  may 
receive  messages  by  head  telephone,  signal  lamp  or  by 
miniature  ground-strips,  the  battery  commander  receiving 
always  l)y  head  telephone. 

In  the  floor  are  set  about  five  hundred  small  electric 
lights.  Some  of  these  illuminate  numerals  which  represent 
definite  points  for  the  observer  to  locate  and  report. 
Others  are  points  of  light  representing  bursting  shells 
around  the  thirt3^-six  targets,  one  for  each  battery  table. 
The  latter,  or  "bursts,"  are  controlled  by  switches  on  the 
battery  table,  which  the  battery  commander  can  operate 


WAE  SERVICE  BECOBD,  1917-18  19 

when  the  signal  to  fire  is  given  by  his  observer.  The 
observer  then  estimates  the  correction  for  this  burst  and 
signals  it  to  the  battery  commander  by  wireless.  In  this 
way  practice  is  given  in  estimating  corrections  for  artillery 
fire,  and  later,  in  conducting  shoots. 

Department  of  Organized  Sports 
F.  L.  Kleeberger,  Director 

General  Statement. — The  work  of  the  Department  of 
Organized  Sports  of  the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics 
has  been  under  way  during  the  past  four  months.  From 
the  very  beginning  a  definite  plan  of  organization  of  ath- 
letic activities  has  guided  the  work  of  this  department. 
Due  to  the  curtailment  of  the  time  originalh^  allotted  for 
athletic  sports,  and  due  to  the  frequent  readjustment  of 
the  curriculum  of  the  School  of  Militarj^  Aeronautics,  the 
work  so  far  has  been  in  a  state  of  experimentation  from  the 
standpoint  of  detailed  procedure.  Throughout  the  organ- 
ization and  administration  of  the  athletic  work  the  prin- 
ciples originally  presented  by  General  Squier  have  been  kept 
constantly  in  mind.  It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  Department 
of  Organized  Sports  to  provide  athletic  activity  which 
would  react  on  the  men  of  the  school  in  the  maintenance 
of  health,  in  the  promotion  of  recreative  values  and  in  the 
development  of  physical  cleverness.  The  work  is  expected 
to  prove  of  practical  value  to  fighters  in  meeting  the  exi- 
gencies of  their  future  work.  Care  has  also  been  exercised 
to  provide  types  of  group  competition  which  might  prove 
conducive  to  the  development  of  group  loyalty,  esprit  de 
corps  and  personal  morale. 

Organization  of  Athletics. — Squadrons  A  to  0,  inclu- 
sive. Boxing  drills  and  wrestling  drills.  Individual 
competition,  each  corporal  forming  his  squad  into  a  ring 
and  pitting  his  men  one  against  the  other  in  rotation, 
grading  each  man  upon  his  individvial  efficiency.  Each 
squad,  through  this  process,  to  determine  the  two  boxers 


20  UNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFOBNIA 

wlio  are  to  represent  it  in  the  intersquad  and  intersquad- 
ron  competition  to  be  arranged  each  week.  Efficiency  of 
the  individual  to  be  graded  by  the  corporal  in  connection 
with  the  athletic  instructor. 

Squadrons  E  and  F.  Agility  training  through  indi- 
vidual and  team  participation  in  competitive  games, 
relay  racing,  wall  scaling,  practice  in  lifting  and  carrying 
injured  or  helpless  persons,  hand  wrestling,  tug-of-war,  etc. 
Efficiency  of  the  individual  to  be  graded  by  the  corporal 
in  consultation  with  the  athletic  instructor.  Intersquad 
and  intersquadron  competition  to  be  arranged  for  each 
week. 

Squadrons  G  and  H.  Track  and  field  training.  Groups 
to  be  kept  in  military  units  (squads,  platoons,  etc.),  dur- 
ing the  practice  of  running,  jumping,  hurdling,  vaulting, 
grenade  throwing,  etc.  Individual  competition  within 
each  squad  under  the  direction  of  the  corporal  to  determine 
the  representative  for  the  intersquadron  field  and  track 
meet,  based  upon  six  events :  high  jump,  broad  jump,  hand 
vault,  grenade  throw,  hurdle  race,  and  short  dash.  (The 
competition  will  also  include  a  relay  race.)  Efficiency 
grading  of  each  individual  by  the  squad  leader  in  consul- 
tation with  the  athletic  instructor. 

Squadrons  I  to  M,  inclusive.  Trap  shooting  on  a  range 
constructed  by  the  University  on  thp  hills  back  of  the 
Big  ''C."  Each  squadron  has  two  two-hour  periods  at 
the  traps  and  in  addition  has  one  hour  scheduled  for  a 
"hike"  through  the  hills  followed  by  a  plunge  in  the  swim- 
ming tank  or  shower  at  the  gymnasium.  Trap  shooting, 
althougli  included  under  supervised  sports,  is  conducted 
b}^  the  Department  of  Gunnery. 


WAE  SEEVICE  EECOED,  1917-lS  21 

DEPAETMENT  OF  MILITARY  SCIENCE  AND  TACTICS 

The  total  enrollment  in  the  Department  of  Military 
Science  and  Tactics  in  August,  1917,  was  1265  (47  officers 
and  1218  non-commissioned  officers  and  privates).  As  a 
result  of  the  selective  draft  and  voluntary  enlistment,  by 
April  29,  1918,  but  38  officers  and  810  non-commissioned 
officers  and  privates  remained. 

Under  General  Order  No.  49  of  the  War  Department 
there  was  established  at  the  University  of  California  a  unit 
of  the  Senior  Division  of  the  Reserve  Officers'  Training 
Corps,  in  charge  of  Captain  L.  M.  "Welch,  Professor  of 
Military  Science  and  Tactics.  Graduates  of  the  Senior 
Division  were  eligible  to  enter  officers'  training  camps. 
Students,  if  under  twenty-one  years  of  age,  were  required 
to  attend  the  summer  camps  provided  by  the  government. 

The  prescribed  amount  of  military  work  has  been  three 
hours  a  week.  This  will  be  increased  materially  under  the 
new  Students'  Army  Training  Corps  plan  of  the  AVar  De- 
partment. A  unit  of  this  corps  will  be  established  at  the 
Universitv  of  California. 


22  rXIVEBSITT  OF  CALIFOBNIA 

SCHOOL  OF  VOCATIONAL  TEAINING 

With  approximate!}-  100  men  assigned  for  service,  the 
School  of  Vocational  Training  opened  at  the  University  of 
California  on  July  1,  1918,  under  the  command  of  Captain 
A.  H.  Allen,  former  Manager  of  the  University  Press, 
assisted  by  Lieutenant  A.  "W.  Mohr.  Four  University  in- 
structors are  training  the  recruits  in  telegraphy,  radio, 
blacksmithing  and  electrical  machinery.  F.  S.  Foote,  Jr., 
Professor  of  Railroad  Engineering ;  W.  C.  Pomeroy,  Assist- 
ant in  Physics,  H.  A.  Scott,  and  G.  W.  Cattell,  comprise 
the  faculty,  while  the  following  former  students  of  the 
University  are  included  in  the  new  school :  W.  V.  Atkinson, 
C.  S.  Capp,  B.  C.  Harris,  J.  G.  Larson,  J.  S.  Moore,  Jr., 
P.  Prell,  H.  F.  Rohrbach  and  J.  Wimmer. 


WAB  SEBVICE  BECOBD,  1917-18  23 


TEAINING  FOE  THE  UNITED  STATES  NAVY  AND  FOR  THE 
MEECHANT  MAEINE 

At  San  Francisco 

Courses  contributing  to  the  training  of  men  desiring  to 
qualify  as  officers  in  the  United  States  Naval  Forces  and 
in  the  Merchant  Marine  M^ere  inaugurated  during  the  sum- 
mer of  1917  by  the  Berkeley  Astronomical  Department 
and  the  Committee  on  Mathematical  and  Astronomical  In- 
vestigations of  the  Pacific  Coast  Research  Conference  of 
the  State  Council  of  Defense.  These  courses  led  to  an 
active  and  effective  cooperation  of  the  University  with  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board  and  the  United  States  Navy. 
A  course  in  Navigation  and  Nautical  Astronomy,  princi- 
pally designed  to  produce  a  supply  of  qualified  teachers, 
was  included  in  the  Summer  Session  of  1917,  under  F.  J. 
Neubauer,  Instructor  in  Astronomj^ 

In  the  meantime  these  plans,  through  the  National  Re- 
search Council,  were  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  United 
States  Shipping  Board,  Mr.  Henry  Howard  of  Boston, 
Director  of  the  Shipping  Board's  Recruiting  Service 
and  founder  of  its  Navigation  Schools,  and  Dean  Alfred 
E,  Burton  of  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology, 
Special  Expert  of  the  Shipping  Board  in  charge  of  instruc- 
tion, who  had  decided  to  extend  the  Shipping  Board's 
chain  of  Navigation  Schools  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Mr.  Farnham  P.  Griffiths,  an  alumnus  of  the  University 
and  Lecturer  in  Law  in  the  School  of  Jurisprudence,  was 
appointed  Section  Chief  of  the  Recruiting  Service  in  Cali- 
fornia, to  have  complete  charge  of  the  Shipping  Board's 
Navigation  Schools  in  California.  In  August,  1917,  plans 
for  the  cooperation  of  the  Berkeley  Astronomical  Depart- 
ment and  the  University  Extension  Division  with  the  Ship- 
ping Board  were  completed.  Suitable  quarters  had  been 
secured  from  the  State  Harbor  Commissioners  in  the  Ferry 
Building  for  the  housing  of  the  Navigation  School  of  the 


24  UNirEESITY  OF  CALIFOENIA 

Shipping  Board  in  San  Francisco,  of  the  Navigation  School 
to  be  conducted  bj-  the  Extension  Division,  and  of  the  Navi- 
gation School  of  the  City  and  Countj^  of  San  Francisco. 
The  Harbor  Commissioners,  the  San  Francisco  Board  of 
Education,  and  the  Extension  Division  shared  in  the 
expense  of  outfitting  the  quarters. 

The  following  instructors,  all  present  or  former  members 
of  the  University,  were  appointed  by  the  Shipping  Board 
to  serve  in  various  Pacific  Coast  navigation  schools :  F.  J. 
Neubauer  and  Sturla  Einarsson,  Instructors  in  tlie  Berke- 
ley Astronomical  Department,  for  San  Francisco ;  H.  D. 
Curtis,  Astronomer  in  the  Lick  Astronomical  Department, 
for  San  Diego ;  W.  F.  Meyer,  in  charge  of  the  International 
Latitude  Observatory  of  the  U.  S.  C.  G.  S.,  formerly  In- 
structor in  the  Berkeley  Astronomical  Department,  for  San 
Pedro ;  A.  R.  Williams,  Assistant  in  Mathematics,  for  Port- 
land, Oregon;  and  C.  D.  Shane,  Fellow  in  the  Lick  Obser- 
vatory, for  Bellingham,  Washington.  Captain  George 
Harding  was  appointed  to  complete  the  staff  of  the  San 
Francisco  School. 

Within  three  days  after  these  arrangements  were  per- 
fected instruction  commenced  at  San  Francisco,  San  Diego 
and  San  Pedro,  and  a  week  later  at  the  more  distant  places. 
The  original  arrangements  provided  that  in  return  for  the 
University's  cooperation.  Extension  Division  students  with- 
out sea  experience  should  receive  free  instruction  in  the 
Shipping  Board's  classes,  to  increase  the  number  of  each 
class  to  thirty,  as  it  was  not  expected  that  enough  certified 
applicants  with  sea  experience  would  be  immediately  avail- 
able. From  the  start,  however,  the  response  of  men  with 
and  without  sea  experience  was  so  large  that  it  became 
necessary  to  organize  separate  classes  for  the  Extension 
Division.  The  University  Extension  Division  opened  free 
day  and  night  classes  in  Navigation  and  Nautical  Astron- 
omy, conducted  in  the  Ferry  Building,  San  Francisco,  on 
Septfmbfr  11,  1917.  The  courses  wore  under  the  general 
supervision  of  A.  0.  Lcuschner,  Director  of  the  Students' 


WAE  SERVICE  RECORD,  1917-18  25 

Observatory,  and  in  charge  of  Dr.  Neubaiier  and  Captain 
George  Harding.  Thirty-nine  students  took  the  day  course. 
Twenty-two  successfully  completed  it,  fifteen  with  the  high- 
est record  possible.  Ten  other  extension  students  com- 
pleted the  course,  by  courtesy  of  the  Shipping  Board,  in 
one  of  the  government  classes.  Many  of  these  thirty-two 
students  secured  appointments  as  cadet  officers  on  the  ves- 
sels of  the  shipping  interests  in  San  Francisco,  which  were 
cooperating  through  an  Advisory  Board  formed  by  the 
Section  Chief  of  the  Shipping  Board.  When  these  men 
have  obtained  the  necessary  sea  experience  they  will  be 
entitled  to  take  the  government  examinations  before  the 
United  States  Inspectors.  Seventy-three  students  enrolled 
in  the  night  course.  On  November  5,  a  third  course 
was  started  with  an  enrollment  of  forty-seven.  Eighteen 
students  were  also  enrolled  at  Los  Angeles  in  an  extension 
course  conducted  by  S.  B.  Nicholson  and  Alfred  Joy  of 
the  Mount  Wilson  Solar  Observatory  of  the  Carnegie  In- 
stitution. The  total  number  of  students  admitted  to  exten- 
sion courses  to  December,  1917,  was  one  hundred  and 
eighty-seven. 

These  students,  who  were  without  sea  experience,  had 
enrolled  in  the  expectation  that  the  Shipping  Board  would 
accept  them  for  sea  training,  or  in  anticipation  of  being 
accepted  as  cadet  officers  by  the  merchant  marine.  When 
it  was  found  that  arrangements  could  not  be  made  on  the 
part  of  the  Shipping  Board  for  the  acceptance  of  men  with- 
out sea  experience,  and  when  it  was  realized  that  but  few 
positions  as  cadet  officers  were  available,  the  majority 
enrolled  in  the  United  States  Naval  Reserve.  This  led  to 
a  reorganization  of  the  work  in  the  University  Extension 
so  as  to  meet,  first  of  all,  the  needs  of  men  desiring  to 
prepare  themselves  for  the  ensign's  examination. 

Recently  the  Shipping  Board  has  made  provision  for 
the  training  of  men  without  sea  experience  by  providing 
school  ships  under  a  Sea  Service  Bureau.  The  Extension 
Division  classes  continue  to  be  open  to  students  desiring  to 


2o  UNIVEHSITY  OF  CALIFOHXIA 

enlist  with  tlie  Shipping  Board  or  to  enter  the  Merchant 
Marine  as  cadet  officers,  subject,  however,  to  the  entrance 
requirements  set  for  men  preparing  for  the  ensign's  com- 
mission. The  progress  of  the  Shipping  Board's  School 
under  the  administration  of  Section  Chief  Griffiths  is  set 
forth  below. 

On  Tuesday  evening,  December  11,  forty  of  the  exten- 
sion students  who  had  "enrolled  in  the  Naval  Reserve  pre- 
sented a  petition  for  a  short  course  in  Naval  Regulations, 
Seamanship  and  Ordnance,  to  be  completed  before  report- 
ing for  duty  on  January  1,  1918,  at  the  San  Pedro  Naval 
Training  Station.  At  a  conference  held  the  following 
morning  with  Lieutenant-Commander  F.  P.  Gaddis  of  the 
San  Francisco  Naval  Training  Station  at  Yerba  Buena 
Island,  arrangements  for  the  desired  course  with  Boatswain 
Wallace  Hanna  in  charge  were  completed  and  instruction 
began  at  the  Ferry  Building  the  same  afternoon. 

At  the  same  conference  with  Lieutenant-Commander 
Gaddis,  arrangements  were  made  for  instruction  to  be 
given  at  the  University  in  Naval  Regulations  by  Ensign 
F.  Bense,  and  in  Seamanship  and  Ordnance  by  Ensign 
E.  F.  Sale.  A  series  of  courses  in  Naval  Training  was 
agreed  upon  and  the  same  afternoon  the  tentative  plan  for 
a  curriculum  in  naval  training  was  submitted  to  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  of  the  Engineering  Council.  The  plans 
were  approved  by  the  Committee  and  later  by  President 
Benj.  Ide  Wheeler,  who  announced  them  at  the  University 
Meeting  the  following  Friday.  This  marked  the  beginning 
of  the  now  well-organized  curricula  in  Naval  Training, 
both  in  the  University  at  Berkeley  and  in  the  University 
Extension  Division  at  the  Ferry  Building,  San  Francisco. 
Associate  Professor  of  Practical  Astronomy  R.  T.  Crawford 
was  placed  in  charge  of  the  curriculum  at  Berkeley  as 
Chairman  of  an  Administrative  Board.  Later  Dean  T.  M. 
Putnam,  Associate  Professor  of  Mathematics,  succeeded 
Professor  Crawford,  after  the  latter 's  entrance  into  the 
United  States  Army  as  Major  in  the  Signal  Corps.     An 


WAB  SEBFICE  BECOED,  J 917-18  27 

account  of  the  naval  training  work  in  the  University  at 
Berkele.y  is  given  elsewhere. 

The  Commandant  of  the  Twelfth  Naval  District,  Cap- 
tain Russell,  has  sanctioned  the  voluntary  efforts  of  the 
University  and  is  giving  the  University  officers  in  charge 
of  the  work  at  Berkeley  and  in  San  Francisco  the  benefit 
of  his  advice.  Permission  is  being  granted  to  men  in 
service  to  attend  the  courses,  and  qualified  men  have  been 
enrolled  in  the  Naval  Reserve  with  time  extensions  to  take 
and  complete  the  courses,  whenever  practicable. 

The  instruction  at  the  Ferry  Building  is  now  organized 
as  an  eight  weeks'  intensive  training  course,  under  the 
supervision  of  Professor  Leuschner.  The  instruction  is 
given  by  Ensign  F.  Bense,  United  States  Navy,  in  Naval 
Regulations,  Ensign  Miller  in  Seamanship  and  Ordnance, 
Captain  George  Harding  and  Mr.  H.  G.  Wrecklage  in 
Navigation  and  Nautical  Astronomy.  The  admission  re- 
quirements are  the  same  as  for  the  Officers'  Material  School 
of  the  United  States  Navy,  from  which  selected  men  are 
sent  to  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis. 
The  first  intensive  training  course  began  on  January  7, 
1918,  with  seventy-two  students,  the  second  on  March  15, 
with  sixtj^-five  students,  the  third  on  ]\Iay  20,  with  one 
hundred  and  thirty-four  students.  The  next  course  began 
July  22,  1918,  with  a  very  large  enrollment,  two  hundred 
and  Mty  applications  being  received.  On  September  23, 
the  fifth  course  opened  with  a  large  enrollment.  Detailed 
reports  on  the  men  enrolled  are  furnished  regularly  to  the 
Commandant.  University  credit  is  given  for  all  the  courses. 
Students  who  satisfactorily  complete  all  the  courses  offered 
are  given  certificates  signed  by  the  President  of  the  Uni- 
versity. The  advantages  that  students  gain  from  the  naval 
training  offered  by  the  Universitj^  are  greater  eligibility  for 
admission  to  the  Officers'  ]\Iaterial  School,  shortening  of 
their  training  in  theoretical  subjects  while  in  service  and 
the  opportunity  of  securing  higher  rank  in  the  examinations 
given  by  the  United  States  Navy  for  the  ensign's  commis- 


28  UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFOENIA 

sion,  after  they  have  been  in  service  a  sufficient  length  of 
time  and  have  qualified  as  officer  material. 

At  the  initiative  of  Lieutenant-Commander  Gaddis  and 
with  the  sanction  of  Captain  Durrell,  Commandant  of  the 
San  Francisco  Naval  Training  Station  at  Yerba  Buena 
Island,  the  University  has  also  been  given  the  opportunity 
to  cooperate  in  the  conduct  of  an  officers'  training  school 
for  men  in  the  regular  Navy  at  the  Ferry  Building.  This 
school  runs  parallel  with  the  intensive  training  school  for 
the  United  States  Naval  Reserve.  Two  subjects  are  taught 
in  eight  weeks — Naval  Regulations,  and  Navigation  and 
Nautical  Astronomy,  Men  in  service  in  the  regular  Navy 
at  the  San  Francisco  Naval  Training  Station  are  chosen 
by  the  Commandant  from  high  school  graduates  and  college 
men  for  the  Commissioned  Officers'  School,  University  of 
California  Extension  Division,  and  for  the  United  States 
Naval  Training  Station,  San  Francisco,  California.  To 
the  first  school  commencing  January  7,  1918,  forty-four 
men  were  detailed.  Of  these,  thirty-nine  were  recom- 
mended as  qualified  and  sent  east  to  be  entered  for  com- 
petitive examination  at  Norfolk,  Virginia,  on  March  23. 
One  hundred  and  eighty-five  men  entered  the  competitive 
examination.  Of  the  University  of  California  men,  75  per 
cent  passed,  as  against  52  per  cent  of  the  men  trained  else- 
where. Thirty  men  have  graduated  from  the  second  school ; 
the  third  school  ended  July  15.  The  men  of  the  first 
school  have  made  a  notable  record  and  have  contributed  to 
California's  rating  bj'  the  Bureau  of  Navigation,  which  at 
present  is  tlie  highest  in  tlie  countr3\  Tlie  University  is 
endeavoring,  in  so  far  as  it  is  capable  of  being  of  service, 
to  assist  the  Commandant  of  the  Twelfth  Naval  District  in 
maintaining  this  rating.  The  courses  were  inspected  in 
April  by  Rear  Admiral  Ross,  of  the  Bureau  of  Navigation, 
who  is  in  charge  of  officers'  training  in  the  Uuited  States 
Navy,  and  received  liis  approval.  The  graduates  of  the 
I'nivcrsity's  tliree  distinct  naval  training  schools  who  are 
now  in  service  are  writing  enthusiasticallv  regarding  the 


WAR  SEEVICE  EECOED,  1917-lS  29 

training  they  have  received.  The  University  seems  to  be 
rendering  a  real  and  valuable  service  through  its  naval 
training  courses  in  the  government's  effort  to  meet  the 
demand  for  junior  officers. 

Until  June,  1918,  Mr.  Griffiths  was  Section  Chief  for 
California  of  the  Shipping  Board  Recruiting  Service  with 
direct  charge  of  the  navigation  and  engineering  schools 
of  the  Board  in  this  state.  Between  August,  1917,  and 
June,  1918,  four  navigation  schools  and  one  engineering 
school  were  organized.  The  former  were  located  at  San 
Pedro,  Los  Angeles,  and  San  Francisco,  respectively,  and 
showed  to  June  30,  1918,  enrollments  as  follows : 

San  Pedro    (This  school  was  closed  December  15, 

1917)    35 

San  Diego  50 

Los  Angeles  122 

San  Francisco 200 

The  Engineering  School  which  was  opened  May  20, 
1918,  at  the  University  of  California  by  the  Shipping  Board 
in  conjunction  with  the  University,  had  approved  seventy- 
three  applications  for  admission  up  to  June  30,  1918.  Of 
the  graduates  of  the  various  navigation  schools  one.  hun- 
dred and  ninety-one  had  been  duly  licensed  as  officers  in 
the  American  Merchant  Marine  up  to  June  20,  1918,  most 
of  them  as  second  mates,  and  of  these  the  vast  majority 
have  gone  to  sea. 

The  San  Diego  Navigation  School  was  originally  under 
the  instruction  of  Dr.  Heber  D.  Curtis,  Astronomer  at 
the  Lick  Observatory.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Oscar  A. 
Littchen,  a  graduate  of  the  San  Pedro  School.  The  San 
Pedro  School  was  under  the  instruction  successively  of 
Dr.  F.  J.  Neubauer  of  the  Astronomical  Department  of  the 
University  and  of  Dr.  W.  F.  Meyer  of  the  International 
Latitude  Observatory  at  Ukiah.  The  teachers  in  the  Los 
Angeles  school  have  been  Captain  H.  C.  Frerichs  and  Dr. 
Neubauer.  The  San  Francisco  School  from  the  beginning 
has  been  under  the  head  instructorship  of  Professor  Sturla 


30  UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFOENIA 

Einarsson  of  the  Department  of  Astronomy  of  the  Univer- 
s'lty,  with  Dr.  Neiibauer,  Captain  George  Harding  and  Mr. 
Lew  Spaulding  as  assistants  at  different  times.  The  instruc- 
tor in  charge  of  the  Engineering  School  at  Berkeley  is 
Mr.  David  W.  Dickie,  marine  architect  of  San  Francisco 
and  lecturer  in  the  University.  He  is  assisted  in  the  in- 
struction by  Irving  M.  Scott,  Arthur  B.  Domonoske  and 
Ernest  J.  MacDonald,  all  of  the  faculty  of  the  University. 
Actual  sea  experience  is  prerequisite  for  admission  to 
these  engineering  and  navigation  schools  of  the  Ship- 
ping Board,  with  the  exception  that  men  with  engineering 
experience  may  enter  the  engineering  schools  without  sea 
experience,  on  the  understanding  that  they  will  go  to  sea 
as  oilers,  firemen,  or  in  similar  capacity  for  the  requisite 
time  before  receiving  their  licenses  as  engineering  officers 
from  the  United  States  Steamboat  Inspection  Service.  The 
purpose  of  the  schools  is  to  train  men  to  be  deck  officers 
and  engineering  officers  in  the  American  Merchant  Marine 
and  thereby  supply  the  pressing  call  for  men  to  take  charge 
of  the  great  fleet  of  merchant  vessels  recently  constructed 
or  now  in  course  of  construction  by  the  government  and 
private  owners. 

COUESES  PKEPAEATOEY  FOE  SEEVICE  IN  THE  NAVY 

At  Berkeley 

In  January,  1918,  ten  courses  covering  the  subject 
matter  required  in  the  examination  for  the  commission  of 
ensign  and  two  additional  courses  recommended  as  elec- 
tives  were  offered  in  the  curriculum  of  the  University. 
These  courses  were  based  on  the  curriculum  of  the  United 
States  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis.  This  plan  covered 
the  following  subjects :  trigonometry,  naval  and  nautical 
astronomy,  naval  history,  oceanography  and  marine  meteor- 
ology, ordnance  and  gunnery,  seamanship,  naval  gunnery, 
naval  regulations,  physical  education  and  drill,  marine 
engineering,  and  naval  architecture. 


WAB  SEEVICE  EECOED,  1917-18  31 

The  ensign  examination  for  a  commission  in  the  line 
requires  training  in  ordnance  and  gunnery,  seamanship, 
naval  gunnery,  naval  regulations,  and  navigation  and 
nautical  astronomy.  For  the  commission  of  ensign  in  engi- 
neering, naval  regulations,  marine  engineering,  and  naval 
architecture  are  required.  The  courses  in  naval  history 
and  oceanography  and  marine  meteorology  are  recom- 
mended as  electives.  When  the  course  in  naval  history  was 
instituted  in  this  connection  it  was  the  second  of  its  kind 
given  in  a  university  of  the  United  States — the  only  other 
course  in  naval  history  was  in  the  curriculum  of  Harvard 
University. 

Enrollment  in  the  principal  courses  in  this  field  varied 
during  the  term  from  seventy-six  to  one  hundred  and 
eight.  Of  the  total  number  registered  thirty-six  were 
members  of  the  Naval  Reserve  who  had  been  granted  relief 
from  active  duty  until  May  15  for  the  express  purpose  of 
taking  these  courses.  The  students  who  completed  the 
required  courses  with  a  satisfactorj^  record  were  given  a 
certificate  to  that  effect.  The  number  of  men  who  com- 
pleted the  required  courses  by  May  was  fifty-nine.  There 
are  now  enrolled  thirty-four  others  who  are  applicants  for 
the  certificate  at  the  end  of  the  Summer  Session  of  1918  or 
in  December,  1918.  The  scholarship  standing  in  these 
courses  has  been  almost  uniformly  high.  It  is  expected  that 
after  practical  training  on  board  ship  the  holders  of  these 
certificates  will  be  given  an  opportunity  to  take  the  quali- 
fying examinations  for  commissions. 

The  work  of  instruction  in  these  courses  has  been  car- 
ried on  by  members  of  the  University  faculty.  Dean  T.  IM. 
Putnam  is  now  in  general  charge  of  this  curriculum. 
Although  the  University  has  not  received  official  recog- 
nition for  this  work,  much  personal  encouragement  has 
been  received  from  the  Commandant  of  the  Twelfth  Naval 
District  and  the  officers  at  the  training  station  on  Yerba 
Buena  Island.  They  have  allowed  two  officers.  Ensigns 
Sale  and  Bense,  to  conduct  three  of  the  courses  in  the  even- 


32  UNirEIiSITT  OF  CALIFOBNIA 

ing.     Ill  addition  Chief  Yeoman  Segure  has  been  assisting 
in  the  course,  conducting  the  physical  exercises. 

The  work  was  recently  inspected  by  Rear  Admiral  Ross 
of  the  United  States  Navj'.  It  is  proposed  that  these 
courses  shall  be  continued  during  the  year  1918-19. 


WAR  SEBVICE  RECOBl),  ] 917-18  33 

COUESES    IN    MARINE    ENGINEERING    AND    NAVAL 
ARCHITECTURE 

The  University  announced  courses  in  Marine  Engineer- 
ing and  Naval  Architecture  on  January  15,  1918.  When 
the  courses  opened  twenty-one  students  enrolled.  These 
courses  have  continued  throughout  the  half-year.  The 
students  admitted  were  either  graduates  from,  or  seniors  in 
technical  schools  or  colleges  of  recognized  standing. 

The  work  in  Naval  Architecture  has  been  arranged  in 
conformit}^  with  directions  issued  by  the  United  States 
Civil  Service  Commission  for  ship  draftsmen.  The  items 
included  in  this  course  relate  to  ship  design  and  construc- 
tion and  cover  in  particular  displacement,  buoyancy,  stabil- 
ity, resistance  and  propulsion,  structural  arrangement, 
specifications,  drawing  and  design.  The  students  enrolled 
have  worked  out  a  design  for  a  steel  tug  one  hundred  feet 
long,  and  in  this  work  they  have  gone  into  sufficient  detail 
to  see  how  a  ship  design  is  obtained. 

A  number  of  persons  interested  in  the  school  have 
donated  certain  parts  of  apparatus  used  on  board  ship. 
Shipbuilding  companies  in  the  San  Francisco  Bay  district 
have  entertained  the  members  of  the  class  at  the  shipj^ards, 
showing  them  in  detail  the  methods  used  in  shipbuilding. 
Members  of  the  class  have  also  been  allowed  to  operate 
certain  machinery  of  the  Key  Eoute  Ferry  system,  thereby 
demonstrating  the  actual  working  of  a  completed  design. 
The  work  has  been  give  nunder  the  direction  of  Professor 
David  "W.  Dickie,  Lecturer  in  Marine  Engineering  and 
Naval  Architecture. 

Beginning  on  May  20,  1918,  a  course  in  Naval  Archi- 
tecture was  given  for  ten  or  twelve  weeks.  This  course 
followed  in  outline  a  special  short  course  in  Naval  Archi- 
tecture suggested  by  the  United  States  Civil  Service 
Commission  at  Washington.  This  work  has  been  in  charge 
of  Mr.  Dickie.  It  is  contemplated  that  the  work  in  Marine 
Engineering  and  Naval  Architecture  will  be  continued  at 
the  University  during  the  year  1918-19. 


U  UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFOBNIA 

COUKSES  IN  EADIO  COMMUNICATION 
During  the  past  year,  work  in  Radio  Communication  has 
been  given  in  connection  with  the  School  of  Military  Aero- 
nautics, a  review  of  which  has  already  been  made.  Mr. 
G.  L.  Greves  of  the  Department  of  Electrical  Engineering 
has  also  given  a  number  of  courses  in  that  department. 
During  the  regular  Summer  Session  he  gave  a  six  weeks' 
elementary  course  in  Radio  Communication. 

A  new  and  more  complete  course  commenced  on  May  20 
and  continued  for  twelve  weeks.  This  course  is  designed 
to  cover  the  field  in  such  a  manner  as  to  meet  the  demands 
of  the  War  Department.  A  prospectus  was  received  from 
the  office  of  the  Chief  Signal  Officer  of  the  Army,  and  a 
University  committee  formulated  the  course  in  accordance 
with  those  suggestions.  The  war  application  of  the  infor- 
mation given  in  the  course  is  extensive  and  includes  systems 
of  radio  transmission,  including  commercial  and  military 
equipment,  elementary  telegraphy,  telephonj^  and  circuit 
work.  It  also  includes  code  practice  to  the  extent  of  four 
hours  per  week. 

The  prerequisites  for  admission  to  such  a  course,  as 
outlined  by  the  War  Department,  include  certain  prelim- 
inary training  in  electrical  engineering.  At  the  present 
time  students  of  junior  standing  or  above  who  are  enrolled 
in  electrical  engineering,  students  who  have  had  courses 
in  electrical  engineering  dealing  with  direct  and  alter- 
nating current  machinery  and  those  whose  practical  train- 
ing has  fitted  them  to  undertake  the  work  are  admitted  to 
the  course.  The  last  class  includes  amateur  radio  operators 
who  have  had  considerable  experience,  and  who  have  a  good 
understanding  of  the  theory. 


WAE  SEEVICE  EECOBB,  1917-18  35 

MILITARY  BUREAU 

Even  before  President  Wilson's  message  of  April  2, 
1917,  the  Regents  had  passed  a  resolution  placing  the 
resources  of  the  University  of  California  at  the  disposal  of 
the  national  government  in  the  event  of  war.  As  one 
means  of  carrying  out  their  action,  they  established  a 
Military  Bureau  under  the  direction  of  L.  J.  Richardson, 
Associate  Professor  of  Latin,  and  Homer  Havermale, 
Alumni  Secretary.  Its  first  business,  under  date  of  April  12, 
1917,  was  to  ask  all  men  of  the  University  body — faculty, 
alumni,  and  undergraduates — to  fill  out  a  personnel  index 
card.     The  request  included  the  following  statement : 

ORGANIZATON     TOR    NATIONAL     SERVICE 

To  the  Faculties,  Alumni  and  Students  of  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia : 

The  President  and  the  Regents  have  placed  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia in  the  present  crisis  at  the  service  of  the  state  and  federal 
governments.  Accordingly,  the  University  is  taking  account  of  its 
resources  in  both  information  and  materials.  Moreover,  it  is  putting 
on  record  what  each  member  of  the  University — faculties,  administra- 
tive staff,  alumni,  students,  and  former  students — has  done,  is  doing, 
or  in  the  event  of  need  could  do  for  the  general  defense. 

To  assist  in  this  work  you  are  asked  to  fill  out  the  enclosed  card, 
and  to  return  it  at  once.  The  University  would  like  also  to  include 
in  this  census  the  families  of  its  officers,  alumni,  and  students,  and 
upon  request  cards  will  be  sent  for  the  registration  of  these  persons. 
All  information  set  down  upon  your  card  Avill  be  regarded  as  con- 
fidential. The  signing  of  the  card  in  no  wise  commits  you  to  enter 
the  government  service  unless  you  desire  to  do  so. 

The  responses  numbered  3070,  and  nearly  all  of  them 
offered  services  in  one  form  or  another. 

The  functions  of  the  Military  Bureau  have  undergone 
many  changes  and  much  expansion  since  the  issuance  of 
the  original  questionnaire.  The  Bureau  as  developed  has 
three  separate  functions :  it  serves  as  an  information  office, 
a  personnel  office,  and  as  a  liaison  office  between  the  Uni- 
versity and  various  military  departments  and  bodies. 


36  UNirEESITY  OF  CALIFOBNIA 

An  average  of  2500  persons  per  month  seek  the  Military 
Bnreau  for  information  and  advice.  The  variety  of  ques- 
tions asked  is  infinite.  ]\Iany  seek  information  regarding 
draft  regulations,  arm}'  and  navy  regulations,  army  and 
navy  orders,  military'  procedure  and  methods.  In  this 
connection  it  may  be  said  that  Military  Bureau  endeavors 
to  answer  every  reasonable  question  asked  in  good  faith. 

It  also  cooperates  to  such  extent  as  is  possible  with  com- 
mittees and  organizations  engaged  in  war  work,  such  as 
training,  publicity,  relief  or  reconstruction  activities. 

As  a  personnel  office  the  Military  Bureau  has  occupied 
a  distinctive  place  in  the  general  military  establishment. 
For  a  long  time  the  office  was  connected  with  the  Intercol- 
legiate Intelligence  Bureau,  a  civilian  body  operating  with 
the  approval  of  the  "War  Departemnt.  The  absorbing  of 
the  Intercollegiate  Bureau  by  the  Adjutant-General's  office 
brought  a  new  standing  to  the  Military  Bureau,  which  is 
now  directly  connected  with  that  office  in  Washington. 

From  the  Adjutant-General's  office  requisitions  for 
skilled  men  come  to  the  Military  Bureau.  These  calls  come 
also  from  various  department  chiefs  who  look  to  universities 
for  their  personnel.    Typical  calls  follow : 

June  9,  1917,  a  call  for  an  alumnus  in  each  of  the  following 
cities:  Los  Angeles,  Portland,  Salt  Lake  City,  and  San  Francisco. 
The  men  selected  are  to  be  on  committees  Avhose  functions  are: 
(o)  To  investigate  the  ability,  reputation  and  association  of  any 
one  desired  for  special  work  by  the  national  government  in  order  to 
make  sure  of  fitness  and  loyalty;  (&)  to  assist  in  discovering  for  the 
national  government  men  in  various  occupations  who  could  be  induced 
to  leave  their  work  in  special  cases  where  their  ability  is  particularly 
desired  by  the  government;  (c)  to  arrange  Avith  local  firms  and 
organizations  to  release  certain  of  their  trained  help  when  the  need 
by  the  government  is  very  great  indeed  and  probably  could  not  be 
satisfied  in  any  other  Avay. 

May  9,  1917,  a  call  came  to  supply  for  service  in  France  an  ambu- 
lance unit  consisting  of  a  first  sergeant,  second  sergeant,  corporal, 
two  orderlies,  two  clerks,  twenty-four  drivers,  three  mechanics,  and 
two  cooks.  Men  were  selected  and  enlisted  for  these  positions  and 
are  now  in  the  United  States  Army  Ambulance  Service  under  com- 


WAE  SERVICE  EECOED,  1917-18  37 

maiul  of  Lieuteuant-Colonel  Percy  Jones.  The  University  of  Califor- 
nia unit  is  headed  by  Lieutenant  John  F.  EdAvards,  and  is  officially 
designated  as  Section  86  of  Battalion  21,  U.  S.  A.  Ambulance  Service. 
The  needs  of  the  men  are  being  looked  out  for  at  home  by  the  Friends 
of  Section  86,  an  organization  of  parents  and  friends,  Avho  are 
sending  to  France  clothing,  reading  matter  and  other  tilings  needed 
by  the  men. 

October  5,  1917,  a  call  to  secure  three  or  four  assistants  in  the 
War  Trade  Intelligence  Division  of  the  Export  Administrative 
Bureau. 

A  call  for  -women  to  serve  as  nurses  in  France ;  a  similar  call  for 
telephone  operators. 

A  request  to  examine,  induct  and  assign  to  Edgewood  Arsenal. 
Md.,  one  hundred  chemists. 

A  request  to  supply  men  for  the  Enlisted  Specialists'  Preparatory 
School  at  Fort  Winfield  Scott. 

The  above  calls  indicate  roughly  the  variety  of  requests 
made.  Since  the  organization  of  the  office  380  additional 
calls  have  been  received,  many  of  them  being  requests  for 
specialists. 

These  calls  are  made  known  to  the  public  and  to  the 
alumni  of  the  University  through  newspapers,  University 
publications  and  the  Alumni  Fortnightly.  Applicants  are 
examined  and  are  either  inducted,  or  their  credentials  are 
rated  by  committee  men  in  the  faculty  and  then  sent  to 
authorities  requesting  assistance. 

Besides  acting  as  personnel  agent  at  the  specific  request 
of  the  government,  there  is  another  function,  namely  to 
help  men  and  women  secure  places  in  the  national  service. 
Persons  who  have  decided  to  offer  their  services  to  the 
army,  navy  or  other  branches  of  the  national  government 
usually  find  here  both  information  and  direction.  The 
office  in  this  phase  of  its  work  is  somewhat  like  an  employ- 
ment agency.  Its  files  already  contain  the  names  of  many 
persons,  other  than  those  mentioned  above,  who  have  ex- 
pressed themselves  as  willing  or  anxious  to  serve  the 
country  in  the  present  emergency,  each  of  these  candidates 
having  filled  out  a  prescribed  questionnaire  setting  forth 
his  training  as  well  as  his  professional  or  business  experi- 


Ai  tiOQ,'^ 


38  UNIVEBSITT  OF  CALIFORNIA 

ence.  The  office,  in  turn,  undertakes  to  watch  the  govern- 
ment calls  with  reference  to  applications  and  wherever 
consistent  with  the  country's  interests,  to  help  candidates 
to  find  places  in  the  service.  The  office  has  assisted  in  this 
way  more  than  1100  persons,  a  large  percentage  of  whom 
have  secured  positions.  Many  nominations  are  made 
through  the  War  Service  Exchange,  Adjutant-General's 
Office,  Washington. 

As  liaison  office  the  Military  Bureau  undertakes  to  serve 
as  a  contact  point  between  the  University  and  military 
offices  and  boards.  It  has  served  as  headquarters  for  com- 
mittee organizations  to  aid  the  military  establishment ;  also 
as  officers'  headquarters  for  those  who  have  desired  to  make 
use  of  University  facilities.  It  has  placed  the  volunteer 
services  of  faculty  members  at  the  disposal  of  military 
departments.  The  Bureau  is  now  aiding  the  Adjutant- 
General  of  California  in  organizing  committees  to  instruct 
registrants  in  matters  of  hygiene  and  morale ;  and  through 
the  cooperation  of  the  Summer  Session  the  Military  Bureau 
registered  and  assigned  more  than  200  volunteer  registrars 
for  the  September  12  draft.  These  cases  indicate  the  duties 
fulfilled  by  the  Military  Bureau  as  a  liaison  agent. 

Finally,  the  Militarj^  Bureau  in  cooperation  with  the 
Alumni  Association  is  keeping  war  records  of  all  alumni 
in  service.  Close  touch  is  maintained  with  the  American 
University  Union  in  Paris,  London  and  Rome. 


WAE  SEEVICE  BECOED,  1917-18  39 


EEPOET   OF  PERSONNEL  DIVISION 

The   following  branches   of   the   service   have   been   supplied   with 
men,  January  10  to  August  31,  1918: 

Engineer   Reserve   Corps 130 

Ordnance  Department  132 

Quartermaster  Corps  21 

Infantry  112 

Artillery  193 

Navy  77 

Medical  Corps  89 

Air   Service  27 

Signal  Corps  101 

Intelligence  Service,  Army  and  Navy 5 

Chaplains  2 


889 


Civilian : 

Red  Cross  44 

Y.M.C.A 95 

Civil  Service,  War  Service  Exchange, 
Women's  Collegiate  Section,  and 
miscellaneous  86 


00- 


Total  1114 


40  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

OEDNANCE  TEAINING  SCHOOL 

The  Training  School  for  Ordnance  Field  Service  at 
Berkeley  was  begun  in  October,  1917,  at  the  suggestion  of 
the  Ordnance  Department  in  Washington.  Its  purpose  was 
to  select  and  to  give  preliminary  training  to  men  who  ulti- 
mately were  expected  to  reach  the  grades  of  non-commis- 
sioned, and  in  some  cases,  of  commissioned  officers  in  the 
Ordnance  Service.  The  enrollment  to  the  date  of  closing 
of  the  school  was  as  follows :  Course  No.  1,  nineteen  ;  Course 
No.  2,  thirty-two;  Course  No.  3,  forty-five;  Course  No.  4, 
fifty. 

Instruction  was  given  by  members  of  the  Department 
of  Economics  and  of  the  School  of  Jurisprudence,  assisted 
hj  one  commissioned  and  one  non-commissioned  officer 
detailed  by  the  "War  Department  for  the  purpose. 

The  course  of  study  at  Berkeley  covered  the  principles 
of  storeskeeping ;  calculating  methods  of  accounting,  used 
in  connection  with  Army  supplies ;  military  organization ; 
military  correspondence ;  military  law ;  and  military  cour- 
tesy. Special  emphasis  was  laid  on  visits  to  industrial 
establishments  in  San  Francisco  and  Oakland.  One  hour  a 
day  was  devoted  to  drill. 

Students  were  enlisted  or  inducted  into  the  military 
forces  of  the  United  States  before  beginning  their  work  at 
the  University.  At  the  expiration  of  their  period  of  study 
at  the  University,  they  were  assigned  to  an  arsenal  for  six 
weeks'  further  training,  and  after  this  were  again  assigned 
to  depot  companies  wherever  their  services  were  needed. 
From  the  depots  the  most  capable  ordnance  sergeants  were 
usually  sent  to  the  Officers'  Training  School  at  Camp  Mead, 
Pennsylvania. 

The  time  allotted  for  each  course  was  six  weeks.  Dean 
H.  R.  Hatfield,  Professor  Daggett,  and  Lieutenant  Green 
were  in  charge  of  tlie  school.  The  school  was  discontinued 
in  May,  1918,  and  was  transferred  by  the  War  Department 
to  Fort  Hancock,  Georgia. 


JVAE  SERVICE  EECORD,  1917-18  41 

COUESE  IN  MILITAEY  ENGINEEEING 

The  Academic  Senate  has  authoriECcl  a  curriculum  in 
the  College  of  Civil  Engineering  leading  to  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Science  in  Military  Engineering.  The  forma- 
tion of  the  course  has  been  in  the  hands  of  the  Engineering 
Council  which  has  conferred  with  Major-General  W.  M. 
Black,  Chief  of  Engineers  of  the  United  States  Army.  The 
completion  of  the  proposed  course  would  qualify  the  student 
to  undergo  the  competitive  examination  for  a  commission 
in  the  Corps  of  Engineers  in  the  United  States  Army,  and 
at  the  same  time  would  give  him  training  preparatory  to 
the  practice  of  engineering  in  civil  life.  The  curriculum 
differs  in  a  number  of  points  from  the  ordinary  course  in 
the  College  of  Cnal  Engineering.  When  this  is  established, 
a  student  entering  the  College  of  Civil  Engineering  maj^ 
elect  his  course  from  Railroad,  Irrigation,  Sanitary,  or 
Military  Engineering. 


42  UNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFOEXIA 

THE  COLLEGE  OF  AGEICULTUEE 

On  February'-  7,  1917,  Dean  Thomas  Forsyth  Hunt 
of  the  College  of  Agricnlture  wrote  President  Benj.  Ide 
Wheeler  of  the  University,  suggesting  that  in  the  event 
of  war,  faculties  and  facilities  of  the  University  should  be 
placed  wholly  at  the  service  of  the  Federal  Government, 
and  outlining  the  activities  which  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture might  properly  undertake,  On  February  13,  1917, 
the  farm  advisors  and  the  assistant  farm  advisors  of  the 
state  were  informed  that  the  Board  of  Regents  had  placed 
the  resources  of  the  University  at  the  disposal  of  the  several 
departments  of  the  Federal  Government,  including  those 
of  War,  Navy,  and  Agriculture.  As  will  be  indicated  later, 
the  advisors  were  directed  to  make  a  confidential  report 
on  the  measures  which  might  be  undertaken  within  their 
respective  counties  to  promote  food  production. 

On  April  8,  1917,  the  President  of  the  University 
directed  the  Department  of  Agriculture  to  assist  the  State 
Council  of  Defense  through  its  Committee  on  Resources 
and  Food  Supply,  of  which  President  Wheeler  is  chairman, 
in  any  manner  that  might  be  deemed  necessary  to  further 
the  interests  of  the  nation. 

As  a  result  of  this  action,  on  April  10,  1917,  Dean  Hunt 
presented  to  the  committee  some  fundamental  consider- 
ations affecting  the  food  supply  of  the  United  States,  in 
which  an  immediate  food  and  farm  labor  inquiry  was 
recommended.^  By  direction  of  tlie  Committee  on  Re- 
sources and  Food  Supply,  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
of  the  University,  in  cooperation  with  the  United  States 
Forest  Service,  the  State  Commission  of  Horticulture,  the 
State  Board  of  Health,  the  State  Veterinarian,  the  State 
Market  Director,  the  Sacramento  Valley  Development 
Board  and  the  California  Fruit  Growers'  Exchange,  con- 

1  Hunt,  Thomas  Forsyth,  Some  Fundamental  Considerations  Affect- 
ing the  Food  Supply  of  the  United  States,  Univ.  Calif.  Agr.  Exp. 
Sta.,  Circ.  163,  1917. 


WAE  SEIIVICE  EECOED,  1917-lS  43 

ducted  an  inquiry  between  April  16  and  27,  with  hearings 
in  fifty-five  counties  in  California.  Certain  definite  recom- 
mendations were  made  to  the  State  Council  of  Defense. 
An  extended  report  of  this  inquirj^  has  been  published, 
which  has  formed  the  basis  for  further  activities. - 

Offer  of  Facilities  and  Services 

At  the  request  of  the  Western  Division  of  the  United 
States  Army,  a  committee  of  the  faculty  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  with  R.  L.  Adams,  Associate  Professor  of 
Agronomy,  as  chairman,  submitted  a  report  to  the  govern- 
ment on  the  University  Farm  as  an  available  location  for 
a  cavalry  unit  of  the  United  States  Army.  Statements 
were  furnished  as  to  the  possible  utilization  of  other  re- 
sources, such  as  that  of  the  plant  pathology  department  for 
medical  work,  and  the  special  knowledge  of  C.  W.  Wood- 
worth,  Professor  in  Entomology,  in  optics,  as  bearing  on  the 
manufacture  of  field  glasses.  A  detailed  report  was  also 
made  to  the  War  Department  on  the  military  training  of 
the  members  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  since  one 
hundred  and  eleven  of  its  one  hundred  and  forty-seven 
members  had  undergone  some  military  training. 

TJtilization  of  High  School  Boys  and  Girls 

On  May  12,  1917,  Dean  Hunt  submitted  to  a  joint  meet- 
ing of  the  Committee  on  Resources  and  Food  Supply  of  the 
State  Council  of  Defense,  and  a  committee  of  the  State 
Board  of  Education,  a  plan  for  the  mobilization  of  high 
school  boys  and  girls  for  agricultural  and  other  industrial 
work.  This  resulted  in  the  active  cooperation  of  Mr.  Will 
C.  Wood,  representing  the  State  Board  of  Education,  and 
Mr.  E.  M.  Cox,  representing  the  school  principals  of  the 
state.    Under  their  direction  a  canvass  of  a  portion  of  the 


2  Ann.  Rep.  Coll.  Agr.  and  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  Univ.  Calif.,  pp.  39-95, 
1917. 


U  VNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

high  schools  of  the  state  was  made  in  June,  1917,  3300  boys 
and  2400  girls  being  listed  as  available  for  agricultural 
or  other  industrial  work.  During  April,  1918,  a  list  of  all 
available  boys  and  girls  in  the  high  schools  was  made  and 
all  boys  of  high  school  age,  not  in  high  schools,  were  urged 
to  enlist  in  this  boys'  working  reserve. 

In  order  to  attain  as  large  an  acreage  of  crops  as  pos- 
sible, ten  members  of  the  faculty  were  sent  out  during  the 
first  two  weeks  of  May,  1917,  to  canvass  all  the  high  schools 
of  the  state  and  call  upon  boys  living  on  farms  to  join  the 
agriculture  clubs  as  war  members  in  order  to  grow  crops 
for  their  own  profit  and  for  the  nation's  benefit.  In  twelve 
daj-s  all  of  the  high  schools  of  the  state  except  those  located 
in  large  cities  were  canvassed  by  the  following  :  S.  S.  Eogers, 
Associate  Professor  of  Olericulture ;  J.  I.  Thompson,  Assist- 
ant Professor  of  Animal  Husbandry ;  P.  S.  Vaile,  Assistant 
Professor  of  Orchard  Management;  G.  W.  Hendry,  Assist- 
ant Professor  of  Agronom}^ ;  A.  W.  Christie,  Instructor  in 
Agricultural  Chemistry;  J.  C.  Martin,  Assistant  in  Agri- 
cultural Chemistry;  I.  F.  Davis,  Instructor  in  Agricultural 
Extension ;  W.  R.  Ralston,  Assistant  in  Agricultural  Ex- 
tension, and  R.  M.  Hagen,  Instructor  in  Agricultural 
Extension.  Twenty-thousand  boys  were  addressed,  998 
responding  by  the  planting  of  approximately  1500  acres. 

In  addition  to  this  campaign,  the  regularly  enrolled 
members  of  the  agricultural  clubs  were  asked  to  increase 
their  acreage  of  crops.  One  hundred  and  eighty-five  boys 
responded  by  planting  600  acres.  Thus  2100  acres  were 
planted  hy  the  boys  to  war  crops,  in  addition  to  the  regular 
acreage  grown  every  year  by  agricultural  club  members 
on  a  contest  basis. 

Farm  Labor  Organization 

Tluit  an  acute  farm  labor  situation  might  arise  was 
early  anticipated.  In  May,  1917,  a  plan  was  outlined  by 
Avhicli  Professor  R.  L.  Adams  of  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture would  be  jointly  employed  by  the  United  States 


WAE  SEBVICE  EECOED,  1917-18  -15 

Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  University  of  Califor- 
nia as  farm  help  specialist,  and  that  through  the  Committee 
on  Resources  and  Food  Supply  he  should  represent  the 
State  Council  of  Defense  in  its  farm  labor  activities.  Imme- 
diately, steps  were  taken  to  bring  together  all  the  agencies 
dealing  Math  farm  labor.  To  that  end  a  public  meeting 
was  held  at  the  University  in  Berkeley  on  May  31,  1917, 
at  which  a  thorough  discussion  of  the  labor  situation  took 
place. 

Discussion  of  the  Problem 

On  June  15  and  16,  1917,  five  sessions  of  the  staff  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  were  held,  at  which  time  an 
attempt  was  made  to  anticipate  the  war  emergency  activ- 
ities of  the  staff.  Committees  were  appointed  and  duties 
assigned  to  the  various  members.  Careful  consideration 
was  given  to  the  character  of  all  investigational  work  in 
progress,  to  the  end  that  long-time  projects  of  a  funda- 
mental character  might  be  continued.  Projects  of  a  more 
temporary  or.  less  fundamental  character  gave  way  to  war 
emergency  investigations  or  agricultural  extension  work. 
About  fifty  new  food  production  projects  developed  by  war 
necessities  have  been  started. 

Cooperation  tvith  Other  Agencies 

In  various  ways  members  of  the  staff  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  have  been  brought  into  active  cooperation 
with  the  Federal  Food  Administration  for  California.^ 
Dean  Hunt  has  been  chairman  of  its  Agricultural  Produc- 
tion Board,  consisting  of  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  farm- 
ers drawn  from  all  parts  of  California,  and  chairman  of  the 
District  Milk  Commission  of  the  United  States  Food  Ad- 
ministration.   The  commission  passed  upon  the  price  of  milk 


3  Kalph  P.  Merritt,  Comptroller  of  the  University,  has  been  granted 
leave  of  absence  from  the  University  to  serve  as  Federal  Food  Admin- 
istrator for  California,  in  which  capacity  he  has  been  engaged  since 
the  organization  of  the  Food  Administration. 


46  UNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

which  the  producers  should  receive  from  the  distributors 
and  which  the  distributors  should  charge  the  consumers  dur- 
ing the  three  months,  Jaiuiar}-  to  March,  1918,  inclusive. 
Dean  H.  E.  Van  Norman  of  the  University  Farm  School  and 
Professor  of  Dairy  Management,  is  executive  secretary  of 
this  commission.  Gordon  H.  True,  Professor  of  Animal 
Husbandry,  is  chairman  of  the  Livestock  Commission  of 
the  Federal  Food  Administration  for  California.  The  Live- 
stock Commission  through  conferences  with  meat  packers 
of  the  Pacific  Coast,  secured  an  agreement  to  a  minimum 
price  for  hogs  one  cent  under  the  Chicago  market  for  the 
same  date,  and  has  performed  other  services  of  an  impor- 
tant nature  in  connection  with  the  livestock  situation.  The 
University's  Department  of  Agriculture  has  thus  been  the 
representative  of  three  agencies  in  matters  concerning 
ing  food  production  in  California,  viz.,  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture,  the  United  States  Food  Admin- 
istration and  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  simultaneously 
occupying  a  status  of  its  own  which  has  no  necessary  rela- 
tion to  any  of  them.  The  policy  in  California  has  been  to 
coordinate  all  these  agencies  by  means  of  interlocking  com- 
mittees so  that  the  allied  forces  could  more  readil}^  work 
to  a  common  end.  In  this  regard  California  has  been 
measurably  successfvil.  It  has  been  freely  recognized  that 
personal  and  institutional  interests  must  be  set  aside  for 
the  larger  interest. 

Permanent  Organization 

It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  chronicle  the  war  activities 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  because  these  activities 
are  interwoven  with  its  research  and  instructional  work, 
and  because  many  of  the  activities  which  may  now  be  con- 
sidered war  emergency  work  were  a  part  of  the  normal 
activities  of  the  organization.  To  increase  the  production 
of  food  is,  certainly,  one  of  the  functions,  perhaps  the  chief 
function,  of  the  department  in  peace  times.    Its  war  activ- 


WAR  SEBVICE  EECOBD,  1917-^3^'^  ^ 

ities  are,  therefore,  a  matter  of  epi^pijiasis/patlier^  tliai^,;a5 
change  from  its  permanent  fiinefiori'.-'  ^^^    "  ^        ^-'■''        / 

For  example,  when  wap' "v^as  decldted^  -  oiity  twen  ' 
counties  had  organized  witJi  fai;^n^atlvis,OTS?  ^rit^m^j^ni 
funds  from  the  Federal  Gjoveynm^n^  "for  ad4ittf6p«tT  farm 
advisors,  which  became  avaiT^bt^m  Se^t^mJ^jpffne  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  decided  mSTiMie-t^'Mtempt  the  organ- 
ization of  nineteen  additional  counties,  using  its  ow^n  funds 
for  expenses  and  contributing  the  services  of  nineteen 
members  of  the  staff  of  the  department  for  this  purpose. 
Men  were  thus  transferred  from  investigational  and  in- 
structional work  to  promote  more  directly  the  increased 
production  of  food. 

Vocational  Agricultural  Instruction 

It  is  part  of  the  regular  work  of  the  farmers'  short 
courses  to  give  instruction  in  operating  gas  tractors.  This 
year  special  emphasis  was  placed  upon  this  instruction  on 
account  of  the  need  of  tractor  operators,  an  additional 
course  being  given  at  the  Citrus  Experiment  Station  and 
Graduate  School  of  Tropical  Agriculture  at  Riverside. 
During  the  year  approximately  500  persons  have  been  given 
instruction  in  operating  tractors.  By  correspondence  and 
otherwise,  the  department  has  sought  to  meet  requests  for 
tractor  operators  and  to  promote  more  efficient  use  of  the 
existing  tractors.  To  this  end,  a  tractor  and  implement 
demonstration  was  held  under  the  auspices  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Tractor  and  Implement  Association  at  the  University 
Farm,  Davis,  April  17  to  19,  1918,  inclusive,  in  which  J.  B, 
Davidson,  Professor  of  Agricultural  Engineering,  took  the 
leading  part.  The  attendance  during  the  three  daj^s  was 
estimated  at  45,000  persons. 

While  the  College  of  Agriculture  has  been  for  years 
preparing  students  to  teach  agriculture  in  the  secondary 
schools,  the  passage  of  the  Smith-Hughes  Vocational  Edu- 
cational Bill,  'combined  with  the  war  and  the  request  of 


48  UNIVEBSIT¥  OF  CALIFORNIA 

the  State  Board  of  Education,  has  led  to  the  organization 
of  an  entirely  new  programme  of  instruction  at  the  Univer- 
sity Farm.  This  instruction  is  now  occupying  a  consider- 
able portion  of  the  time  of  several  members  of  the  staff. 

Conferences 

There  have  been  many  meetings  and  conferences,  some 
of  which  may  properly  be  chronicled  as  war  activities 
because  of  the  common  impulse  to  make  every  agency  con- 
tribute towards  winning  the  war.  An  example  might  be 
cited  in  the  meeting  of  the  Plant  Pathology  War  Emer- 
gency Board  held  in  Agriculture  Hall,  Berkelej^,  on 
March  30,  1918.  Twenty-nine  plant  pathologists  and  scien- 
tists in  related  fields  were  present.  War  activities  for  plant 
pathologists  were  discussed  in  this  session  in  which  a  lead- 
ing part  was  taken  by  eight  members  of  the  staff  of  the 
department. 

Personnel 

Thomas  Forsyth  Hunt,  Professor  of  Agriculture,  Direc- 
tor of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  and  Dean  of 
the  College  of  Agriculture,  is  acting  chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Research  and  Food  Supply  of  the  State  Council 
of  Defense,  J.  E.  Coit,  Professor  of  Citriculture,  J.  W. 
Nelson,  Assistant  Professor  of  Soil  Technology  and  member 
of  the  subcommittee  on  Occupational  Selection  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  Research  Conference,  E.  0.  Essig,  Assistant  Pro- 
fessor of  Entomology,  and  R.  W.  Hodgson,  Instructor  in 
Citriculture,  have  been  transferred  to  farm  advisor  work 
for  the  duration  of  the  war,  while  W.  T.  Home,  Associate 
Professor  of  Plant  Pathology,  has  taken  up  the  field  study 
of  certain  diseases  of  deciduous  fruits,  of  special  impor- 
tance in  army  rations. 

Professor  Vaile  has  entered  the  Armenian  and  Syrian 
Relief   Service.     P.   L.   Lantz,   Assistant   in'  Agricultural 


WAE  SEBVICE  EECOED,  1917-18  49 

Extension,  entered  the  military  service  Januarj^  18,  and 
died  of  pneumonia  at  San  Diego  on  March  8,  1918.  Pro- 
fessor Davidson  is  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  War 
Work  of  the  American  Society  of  Agricultural  Engineers. 

Walter  Mulford,  Professor  of  Forestry,  is  a  member 
of  the  State  Committee  of  the  Society  of  American  For- 
esters. B.  H.  Crocheron,  Associate  Professor  of  Agricul- 
tural Extension  and  State  Leader  of  Farm  Advisors,  is 
director   of   the   Boys '   Working   Reserve  "  for   California. 

El  wood  Mead,  Professor  of  Rural  Institutions,  by  virtue 
of  an  arrangement  between  the  University  and  the  De- 
partment of  the  Interior,  has  acted  as  official  advisor  on 
reclamation  projects  embracing  about  half  the  states  of  the 
arid  region.  This  w^ork  has  necessitated  conferences  with 
officials  and  farmers  in  Arizona,  California,  Idaho,  Nevada 
and  Washington,  also  two  trips  to  Washington,  D.  C,  to 
confer  with  authorities  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior. 

C.  F.  Shaw,  Professor  of  Soil  Technology,  and  W.  W. 
Weir,  Assistant  Professor  of  Soil  Technology,  have  been 
active  in  the  Food  Production  Committee  of  the  Common- 
wealth Club  of  San  Francisco,  the  latter  being  chairman 
of  the  Committee  on  Drainage.  J.  W.  Gregg,  Professor  of 
Landscape  Gardening,  has  advised  the  commandants  of 
Mare  Island  and  Yerba  Buena  Island  on  the  planting  of 
trees  and  shrubs  for  screening  and  windbreak  purposes. 
C.  L.  Roadhouse,  Professor  of  Dairy  Industry,  represented 
the  University  at  the  World's  Food  Conference  in  Philadel- 
phia, September  14  and  15,  1917,  held  under  the  auspices  of 
the  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science. 
E.  R.  de  Ong,  Instructor  in  Entomology,  is  one  of  the  con- 
sulting entomologists  of  the  Federal  Food  Administration 
for  California,  vice  Professor  Essig,  who  was  transferred 
to  field  service.  J.  S.  Burd,  Professor  of  Agricultural 
Chemistry,  is  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Legal  Advisors 
for  Exemption  District  No.  2  of  Berkeley. 

W.  H.  Dore,  Assistant  Chemist  in  Fertilizer  Control, 
is  aiding  the  Preparedness  Committee  of  the  United  States 


50  VNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFOENIA 

Xaval  Construction  Board,  collecting  information  for  an 
industrial  inventory  of  local  manufacturing  resources. 
J.  C.  Marquart,  Assistant  in  Dairy  Husbandry,  is  repre- 
senting the  Dairy  Division  of  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture,  and  is  inspecting  the  butter  being  supplied 
b}'  Navy  contractors.  D.  E.  Martin,  Assistant  in  Agricul- 
tural Extension,  is  Assistant  Farm  Advisor,  State  Relations 
Service. 

The  following  twenty  members  of  the  staff  are  on  war 
leave  to  enter  the  military  service  of  the  Government : 

Donald  Bruce,  Assistant  Professor  of  Forestry. 
E.  E.  Clausen,  Assistant  Professor  of  Genetics. 

C.  M.  Haring,  Professor  of  Veterinary  Science. 
W.  B.  Herms,  Associate  Professor  of  Parasitology. 

D.  T.  Mason,  Professor  of  Forestry. 

H.  A.  Mattill,  Assistant  Professor  of  Nutrition. 

E.  C.  Voorhies,  Assistant  Professor  of  Animal  Husbandry. 

C.  V.  Castle,  Instructor  in  Animal  Husbandry. 
W.   T.  Clow,  Assistant   in   Animal  Husbandry. 

D,  B.  Cohen,  Assistant  in  Olericulture. 

P.  I.  Dougherty,  Assistant  in  Agricultural  Extension, 
L.  D.  Hazeltine,  Assistant  in  Agricultural  Extension. 
V.  W.  Hoffman,  Assistant  in  Pomology. 

F.  T.  Murphy,  Assistant  in  Agricultural  Extension. 
A.  N.  Nathan,  Assistant  in  Agricultural  Extension. 
W.  D.  Norton,  Assistant  in  Agricultural  Extension. 
F.  W.  Nunemacher,  Office  Assistant. 

A.  F.  Swain,  Assistant  in  Entomology. 
H.  A.  Wadsworth,  Assistant  in  Irrigation. 
H.  H.  Yost,  Instructor  in  Agronomy. 

Publications 

During  the  twelve  months  dealt  with  in  this  recital  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station  have  published  fourteen  bulletins,  thirty-nine  circu- 
lars, and  fifty  numbered  emergency  leaflets.  Most  of  these 
publications  deal  with  subjects  relating  to  the  increasing 
of  food  production ;  many  have  been  published  to  answer 
specific   questions   or   promote   programmes   of   immediate 


WAE  SEBVICE  BECOED,  1917-18  51 

national  interest.  They  cover  almost  every  phase  of  food 
production  and  preservation  which  has  arisen  out  of  the 
war.  Altogether,  during  the  year,  there  have  been  dis- 
tributed 26,402,000  pages  of  printed  matter." 

Special  Courses  and  Lectures 

In  addition  to  special  courses  in  poultry  husbandry, 
dairying,  and  food  canning  and  preservation,  given  to  home 
demonstrators  and  others  expecting  to  practice  or  give 
instruction  in  these  matters,  a  laboratory  and  demonstra- 
tion course  was  given  at  Berkelej^  by  the  Division  of  Viti- 
culture in  the  practical  details  of  food  preservation  to 
students  who  were  properly  prepared  and  who  expected 
to  make  use  of  the  knowledge  during  the  summer.  F.  T. 
Bioletti,  Professor  of  Viticulture  and  Enology;  J.  R.  Zion, 
Assistant  in  Viticulture,  and  E.  A.  Way,  Field  Assistant 
in  Viticulture,  gave  during  the  year  sixty-two  demonstra- 
tions to  grape  growers  in  fifteen  counties.  Twenty-six 
demonstrations  of  methods  of  food  preservation  were  given 
by  "W.  V.  Cruess,  Assistant  Professor  of  Zymology,  in 
thirteen  counties,  and  three  demonstrations  to  olive  growers 
by  Professor  Bioletti  in  two  counties. 

The  total  attendance  was  4396.  The  number  of  in- 
quiries during  the  year  by  letter,  telephone  and  personal 
visit  has  been  exceedingly  large.  In  the  main  office  of  the 
Division  of  Extension  alone,  more  than  30,000  letters  have 
been  written,  while  the  total  number  of  letters  written  by 
members  of  the  staff  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  not 
including  farm  advisors  and  agricultural  club  leaders,  has 
been  during  the  year  approximately  120,000.  The  majority 
of  the  inquiries  deal  directly  with  the  production  of  food 
and  its  preservation.  Many  calls  have  been  received  for 
assistance  in  controlling  insect  pests,  fungus  diseases  and 


4  Complete  lists  of  these  publications  may  be  found  in  the  Annual 
Reports  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  University  of  California. 


52  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFOENIA 

rodents.  A  considerable  number  of  requests  for  the  investi- 
gation of  property  to  ascertain  its  agricultural  value  have 
been  received.  Land  which  has  never  produced,  or  which 
has  for  a  period  been  unproductive,  is  now  yielding  a  food 
product. 

During  the  Christmas  recess  a  special  short  course  for 
veterinarians  was  held  at  Davis,  in  which  surgery  of  the 
army  horse  and  the  prevention  of  blackleg  and  anthrax, 
two  diseases  causing  serious  losses  in  cattle  in  this  state, 
were  the  principal  subjects  of  discussion.  Eighty-seven 
veterinarians  attended;  a  number  of  them  have  since  en- 
tered the  veterinary  reserve  camps  of  the  United  States 
Army. 

A  training  course  for  machine  milkers — the  first  ever 
arranged  by  a  public  institution — was  conducted  at  the 
University  Farm,  April  1  to  12,  1918,  for  the  purpose  of 
ameliorating  in  a  measure  the  growing  difficulty  of  secur- 
ing efficient  hand  milkers  on  dairy  ranches. 


Agricidtiiral  Preparedness  Train 

Through  a  cooperative  arrangement  between  the  Salt 
Lake  Railroad  and  the  Experiment  Stations  of  Utah, 
Nevada,  and  California  a  special  Agricultural  Prepared- 
ness Train  was  run  over  the  Salt  Lake  Eoute  from  Sandy, 
Utah,  to  Los  Angeles,  California,  during  the  month  of  May, 
1917.  The  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  California 
furnished  the  exhibits  for  two  cars — one  having  a  very 
complete  display  of  commercial  varieties  of  beans,  the 
other  showing  various  forage  crops.  Two  members  of  the 
station  staff  accompanied  the  exhibits,  explaining  to  in- 
quirers the  variety  or  varieties  best  suited  to  certain 
localities  or  to  types  of  soil,  and  offering  suggestions  as  to 
motliods  of  culture. 


WAR  SEHriCE  EECORD,  1917-18  53 

Farm  Lahor 

During  the  crop  season  of  1917  careful  inquiries  were 
conducted  into  the  farm  labor  situation  under  the  direction 
of  Professor  R.  L.  Adams,  to  determine  actual  conditions, 
contributing  causes  and  possible  remedies.^  Early  in  De- 
cember, 1917,  a  plan  of  operation  based  on  the  experiences 
of  this  and  other  states  was  prepared  for  the  guidance  of 
those  investigating  farm  labor  problems.  This  plan  em- 
braced as  its  important  features  the  following : 

1.  The  recognition  of  the  fact  that  men  engaged  in 
unnecessary  industries  in  the  cities,  women,  and  high  school 
students,  constitute  a  potential  source  of  farm  labor. 

2.  The  reorganization  and  extension  of  existing  public 
employment  agencies  to  a  point  at  which  a  larger  utiliza- 
tion of  all  forms  of  labor  would  be  more  efficiently  dis- 
tributed. 

3.  To  reinforce  the  chief  provision  of  this  plan,  it 
was  necessary  to  have  every  county  act  as  a  unit  in  assist- 
ing in  its  execution,  with  the  county  farm  advisor  serving 
as  the  central  agency  for  each  county ;  the  mobilization  of 
women  and  high  school  students  as  aids  in  the  farm  labor 
situation,  constituting  the  tasks  of  the  California  Industrial 
Welfare  Commission  and  the  State  Board  of  Education. 

This  plan  has  been  carried  out  and  many  of  its  details 
comprise  the  present  basis  of  procedure. 

Looking  beyond  the  possibility  of  the  state's  labor 
supply,  potential  and  actual,  the  plan  further  provided 
for  the  consideration  of  the  proposal  for  the  importation 
of  foreign  labor  provided  the  federal  agencies  for  labor 
supply  were  unable  adequately  to  add  to  the  state 's  supply. 

Accompanying  the  execution  of  the  provisions  of  the 
plan,  a  careful  inquiry  was  conducted  during  February 
and  March  to  determine  the  probable  farm  labor  needs  and 
supplies  for  1918,  which  resulted  in  showing  a  shortage  of 
labor  above  the  visible  supply  for  every  month.  This  is 
indicated  in  the  following  table : 


5  Univ.  Calif.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  Circ.  193. 


Sugar  beet 
needs 

Total 
needs 

3,000 

4,150 

3,000 

6,400 

1,000 

7,375 

8,475 

3,000 

12,025 

3,000 

12,450 

3,000 

9,875 

2,750 

800 

54  UNITEBSITY  OF  CALIFOHNIA 


Needs  other  than 
Month  sugar  beets 

April    1,150 

May  3,400 

June  6,375 

July  8,475 

August 9,025 

September  .-  9,450 

October   6,875 

November   2,750 

December 800 


These  figures  were  based  on  normal  conditions.  Neces- 
sarily, a  reduction  which  may  be  considerable,  must  result 
from  the  deficient  rainfall,  north  winds  and  substitution  of 
crops  demanding  less  man  power,  all  contributing  to  a  very 
much  smaller  agricultural  production  for  1918  than  that 
anticipated  during  the  winter. 

Before  the  execution  of  the  general  plan  it  became  evi- 
dent that,  regardless  of  other  considerations,  there  were 
certain  classes  of  work  in  connection  with  this  year's  har- 
vest for  which  it  would  be  essential  to  obtain  foreign  labor 
— under  existing  conditions,  Mexican. 

Special  efforts  have  been  made  to  render  federal  regu- 
lations governing  the  importation  of  Mexican  labor  less 
stringent.  Attempts  were  made  to  resort  to  the  original 
regulations  so  that  railroads  could  return  to  free  importa- 
tion of  Mexicans  and  so  afford  the  farmers  an  added  supply 
of  labor  for  their  needs.  These  attempts  failed,  and  since, 
under  existing  federal  restrictions,  free  movement  of  Mexi- 
cans to  the  United  States  is  not  possible,  arrangements 
were  made  with  the  California  and  Colorado  Agricultural 
Labor  Association  for  importation  of  Mexicans  to  be  used 
by  other  individuals  or  formers  under  existing  farm  labor 
regulations.  This  arrangement  permits  economj^  in  impor- 
tation since  Mexicans  can  now  be  obtained  only  under 
written  agreement  with  the  United  States  Government,  for 
employment  solely  in  agriculture. 


WAB  SERVICE  BECOBD,  1917-18  55 

Much  work  has  been  necessary  to  maintain  a  friendly 
attitude  on  the  part  of  Mexican  officials  both  in  California 
and  in  Mexico, 

A  study  of  man  labor  cost  of  production,  to  serve  as  a 
basis  for  determining  wage  standards,  was  made  in  Janu- 
Bxj,  based  on  usual  crop  yields  of  twenty  different  crops. 
As  a  general  result  of  this  investigation  it  was  found  that 
due  to  high  prices  of  essential  farm  products,  wages  might 
exceed  considerably  those  of  iiormal  times — perhaps  even 
be  doubled — and  still  permit  of  profit. 

As  a  result  of  special  efforts  constantly  being  made  to 
bring  about  a  clearer  understanding  on  the  part  of  the 
district  exemption  boards  as  to  California's  labor  needs 
and  as  to  what  constitutes  agricultural  labor,  it  is  felt  that 
a  larger  share  of  bona  fide  farm  labor  will  be  given  deferred 
classification. 

Other  activities  of  the  office  of  the  farm  help  specialist 
have  included  actual  placement  of  labor,  the  establishment 
of  a  school  for  labor  at  the  University  Farm,  search  for 
additional  sources  of  labor,  and  mobilization  of  certain 
heretofore  untapped  sources.  The  University  has  con- 
stantly^ cooperated  with  the  following  organizations :  the 
Commission  of  Immigration  and  Housing,  the  California 
Industrial  Welfare  Commission,  the  Farmers'  Committee 
of  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  the  Women 's  Land  Army 
of  America,  the  Attorney-General's  Office  (in  draft  work), 
the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  the  Boy  Scouts,  and  the  State  Board 
of  Education ;  it  has  also  been  closely  associated  with  the 
operations  of  such  private  concerns  as  the  Valley  Fruit 
Growers'  Association,  the  California  and  Colorado  Labor 
Association,  the  Imperial  Valley  Labor  Association,  the 
California  Federation  of  Farmers,  cooperative  market 
associations,  and  with  various  public,  private,  and  social 
committees  appointed  to  consider  the  farm  labor  problem. 


56  UNIFEBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Activities  of  Farm  Advisors 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war,  there  were  fifteen  farm 
advisors  at  work.  Without  propaganda,  counties  had 
quaiified  as  fast  as  funds  were  available.  Apparently  there 
were  ample  grounds  for  the  expectation  that  by  1922  all 

^    \  agricultural  counties  of  California  would  have  adopted  this 
System  which  would  gradually  have  spread  over  the  state 

'  :.^'  ^uring  a  period  of  ten  years.  By  February,  1917,  it  be- 
^-•came  apparent  that  war  was  imminent.  Obviously  food 
would  be  a  primary  consideration.  The  farm  advisors, 
therefore,-  began  quietly  to  make  plans  for  an  increased 
production  as  an  aid  to  the  war,  which  appeared  inevitable. 
For  all  counties  having  farm  advisors,  confidential  surveys 
were  made  and  delivered  to  the  central  office.  These  clearly 
indicated  certain  districts  where  increased  production  was 
feasible.  Plans  were  made  for  wide  propaganda  in  these 
districts.  The  six  itinerant  assistant  farm  advisors  were 
quietly  moved  into  these  sections  to  aid  the  farm  advisors 
when  the  situation  should  develop.  The  outbreak  of  war 
ill  April,  therefore,  did  not  find  the  farm  advisor  system 
wholly  unprepared  in  those  counties  in  which  men  had 
already  been  appointed. 

However,  a  large  proportion  of  the  agricultural  regions 
of  the  state  did  not  have  farm  advisors  or  farm  bureaus. 
Neither  were  there  funds  to  pay  additional  men  had  they 
been  available.  But  no  sooner  had  war  been  declared  than 
the  necessity  for  an  increased  food  supply  began  to  loom 
large  among  the  war  measures.  The  work  done  by  farm 
advisors  (or  county  agents,  as  they  are  sometimes  called) 
had  apparently  been  so  successful  in  various  parts  of  the 
country  that  a  general  demand  arose  that  their  number  be 
increased  to  supplj'  every  agricultural  county  with  such 
an  officer.  In  most  states,  councils  of  defense  placed  the 
plan  among  their  proposals  and  a  bill  quickly  followed  in 
Congress  to  that  end.  By  September,  legislation  had  been 
passed  appropriating  more  than  $4,000,000  for  this  purpose 


WAR  SERVICE  BECOED,  1917-18  57 

for  tlie  current  fiscal  year,  of  which  California  was  allotA|lr^**%n^ 
$78,000  through  the  United  States  Department  of^^Ori-  ^     ^ 
culture.     Thus  it  became  necessary  to  organize  w^u^e^o     ^ 
months  a  system,  the   growth   of  which   normaPW-woi43      "^ 
cover  five  years.  ^iT-'    ■^  "^5 

There  apeared  to  be  thirty-nine  counties  .a']^>^ali£orni^         ^  // 
where  farm  advisors  would  be  most  valuat^e^,*^  Of  the$e,  /  <J// 
twenty  had  already  qualified;  all  but  one  ofali^'tw^IitjC^had'  <>f // 
farm  advisors  at  work.     In  order  to  brinr  the^^atter  to  V^ 
the  attention  of  the  people  of  the  other  ccmnti^s,  ai^hetae^ 
members  of  the  staff  of  the  Department  1^  A^gj^iciil^jmi 
volunteered,  each  to  stand  sponsor  for  the  cam^fe^ffm  one 
county.     The  plan  was  put  before  the  people  of  the  state 
at  a  meeting  called  by  the  Governor,  as  the  Chairman  of 
the  State  Council  of  Defense,  at  the  capitol  at  Sacramento 
on  September  10  and  11,  to  which  were  invited  the  entire 
State  Council  of  Defense,  the  chairmen  of  the  county  coun- 
cils of  defense,  the  chairmen  of  county  boards  of  super- 
visors and  certain  representatives  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture.      Not    the    least    interesting    feature    of    the 
meeting  was  the  testimony  given  in  brief  addresses  by  the 
presidents  of  the  farm  bureaus  on  the  value  of  the  work 
in  the  counties  already  established. 

The  plan  also  contemplated  the  appointment  of  a  large 
number  of  assistant  farm  advisors  in  order  not  only  to 
extend,  but  to  intensify  the  work.  These  assistants  were 
to  be  distributed  on  a  basis  of  the  number  of  farms  in  the 
county.  All  counties  having  more  than  1500  farms  were  to 
be  entitled  to  an  assistant  provided  the  expenses  of  $1000 
per  year  were  met  by  the  board  of  supervisors.  Larger 
counties  were  to  be  given  additional  assistants  on  a  basis 
of  one  assistant  to  each  additional  1500  farms. 

By  May  1,  1918,  work  had  progressed  far  in  the  organ- 
ization of  the  nineteen  new  counties:  eleven  counties  had 
their  farm  bureaus  completely  formed,  their  appropriations 
from  the  boards  of  supervisors,  and  their  farm  advisors 
appointed;    two   other   counties   had   their   farm   bureaus 


58  VNU'EBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

formed  and  the  appropriations  made ;  three  counties  had 
their  farm  bureaus  formed  and  their  appropriations  pend- 
ing before  the  supervisors;  only  three  of  the  nineteen 
counties  were  lagging  in  the  campaign  through  the  apparent 
indifference  of  the  people. 

Defense  Programme  of  the  Farm  Bureaus  for  1917 
During  1917,  soon  after  the  beginning  of  the  war,  every 
farm  bureau  in  California  voted  to  transfer  its  activities 
from  its  past  regular  programme  to  one  aimed  primarily 
toward  the  aid  of  the  National  Defense.  Every  county 
adopted  a  defense  programme,  the  main  features  of  which 
were : 

I.  The  entire  membership  of  the  Farm  Bureau  should 
constitute  a  defense  department  with  a  committee  of  five 
members  in  charge,  appointed  by  the  president.  Of  this 
committee,  there  should  be  four  subcommittees  on  (1) 
production,  (2)  labor  supply,  (3)  financial  assistance,  and 
(4)  the  conservation,  of  food  and  the  elimination  of  waste. 
Each  one  of  these,  it  was  planned,  would  be  directed  by 
a  member  of  the  executive  commitee  of  the  defense  depart- 
ment. 

II.  The  programme  contemplated:  (1)  the  abandon- 
ment of  all  activities  of  the  farm  bureaus  which  did  not 
bear  directly  upon  the  winning  of  the  war,  except  those 
activities  necessary  to  the  fundamental  organization;  (2) 
the  inauguration  of  certain  new  projects  for  1917,  which 
the  farm  bureaus  would  endeavor  to  carry  on  with  all  pos- 
sible energy.  While  these  projects  varied  in  the  different 
counties,  the  list  generall}'  followed  for  the  1917  season 
was  as  follows : 

1.  Labor  survey. 

2.  Increase  in  acreage  of  grain  sorghums. 

3.  Increase  in  acreage  of  beans. 

4.  Increase  in  acreage  of  irrigated  lands  by  pumping  plants, 

etc. 

5.  Increase  in  number  of  brood  sows  kept  on  general  farms. 

6.  Increase  in  number  of  small  flocks  of  poultry  kept  on  gen- 

eral farms. 


WAE  SERVICE  BECOED,  1917-18  59 

7.  Increase  in  number  of  vegetable  gardens  for  home  use  on 

general  farms. 

8.  Increase  in  number  of  boys  registered  in  agricultural  clubs 

as  war  members. 

9.  Financial   survey   of   the   county   for   funds   needed   for   in- 

creased cropping. 

10.  Campaign  for  the  increase  of  home  canning. 

11.  Silo  campaign  for  the  better  use  of  forage  crops. 

III.  While  in  the  past  the  farm  advisors  answered  all 
requests  to  call  on  farmers  and  to  give  advice  on  matters 
whether  of  importance  or  not,  it  was  decided  that  so  long 
as  the  war  lasted,  the  farm  advisors  would  attempt  through 
their  local  directors  to  determine  which  matters  would  be 
of  the  most  service  in  the  national  campaign.  It  was  recog- 
nized that  during  the  war  there  would  be  an  added  burden 
of  many  new  projects  and  that  every  farm  advisor's  office 
would  be  overwhelmed  with  the  amount  of  work  it  was 
called  upon  to  carry. 


Increase  in  the  Acreage  of  Grain  Sorghums 

The  fact  that  grain  sorghums  have  a  wide  adaptability, 
grow  with  a  relatively  small  amount  of  moisture  and  may 
be  planted  comparatively  late  in  the  season,  made  this 
project  one  of  the  most  important  undertaken  by  the  farm 
bureaus  in  the  early  summer.  The  nineteen  county  farm 
advisors  believe  that  their  campaigns  increased  the  crop 
29,918  acres.  There  was  a  general  difficulty  in  obtaining 
good  seed,  however,  and  during  the  late  fall  the  second  state- 
wide project  was  adopted  whereby  each  farm  bureau  center 
selected  within  the  community  one  or  more  fields  which 
were  of  the  best  and  most  uniform  type  and  from  these 
selected  enough  heads  to  supply  the  entire  farm  bureau 
center  for  its  planting  in  the  spring  and  summer  of  1918. 
Generally,  the  grain  sorghums  throughout  the  state  have 
been  so  successful  as  an  immediate  aid  to  the  food  problem 
that  a  wide  expansion  is  certain  during  the  next  few  years. 


60  UNIVEBSITT  OF  CALIFOBNIA 

Increase  in  the  Acreage  of  Wheat 
The  national  government  decided  that  it  was  necessary 
for  America  to  raise  a  billion  bushels  of  wheat  in  1918. 
Therefore,  a  quota  was  assigned  each  state  by  which  it 
should  increase  its  product.  This  increase  required  about 
80,000  acres  from  California.  The  farm  advisors  adopted 
a  uniform  plan  whereby  they  contemplated  making  farm- 
to-farm  canvasses  of  those  sections  of  their  counties  which 
might  grow  wheat  instead  of  barley,  proposing  to  the  barley 
farmers  that  they  should  transfer  one-tenth  of  their  barley 
acreage  into  wheat.  This,  it  was  known,  would  more  than 
make  up  the  quota  required.  The  call  upon  the  farmers 
to  raise  wheat  was  not  made  because  it  might  be  a  money- 
making  project,  but  because  the  necessities  of  the  nation 
required  it.  The  farm  advisors  took  no  responsibility  for 
the  subsequent  financial  outcome.  Since,  however,  the 
price  of  wheat  for  1918  was  guaranteed  by  an  Act  of 
Congress,  and  since  the  price  of  barley  was  still  an  open 
question,  many  farmers,  upon  their  own  initiative,  have 
undertaken  to  plant  wheat,  and  have  planted  an  increased 
acreage.  In  most  counties,  the  original  plan  for  a  farm-to- 
farm  canvass  was  carried  out,  with  the  result  that  prac- 
tically all  counties  exceeded  their  quotas. 

Increase  in  Acreage  of  Beans 

As  an  aid  to  the  meat  supply,  beans,  which  are  high  in 
protein  and  which  net  a  large  money  return  per  acre  where 
they  can  be  successfully  grown,  form  one  of  the  most  prom- 
ising animal  crops.  The  farm  advisors  report  that  in  their 
counties  tli<'  acreage  was  increased  14,264  acres  as  a  result 
of  the  high  prices  and  of  the  programme  of  publicity  into 
which  the  farm  bureaus  entered.  Because  bean  culture  has 
become  more  thoroughly  established  over  a  wider  area  than 
heretofore,  it  is  generally  believed  it  will  become  one  of 
the  leading  agricultural  industries  of  the  state.  California 
produced  the  largest  acreage  and  yield  of  dry,  edible  beans 


WAE  SEEVICE  EECOEB,   1917-18  61 

in  its  history.  It  not  only  took  first  place  among  the  states 
in  acreage  and  yield,  but  produced  46  per  cent  of  all  the 
beans  raised  in  the  United  States.  A  very  exhaustive  study 
of  varieties  and  their  adaptations  and  culture  was  made  by 
Professor  Hendrv.^ 


Other  Measurahle  Results 
Labor 

Applications  received  by  farm  advisors  or  farm  bureaus 

for  farm  or  household  labor 3,830 

Laborers  supplied  through  farm  advisors  or  farm  bureaus, 

Male  : 2,989 

Female  1,326 

Laborers  supplied  from  agencies, 

Male   1,060 

Female  667 

Croi?  production  campaigns 

Farmers  assisted  in  securing  grain  sorghum  seed 399 

Bushels  of  seed   secured 973 

Acres  of  grain  sorghums  seeded  as  result  of  production 

campaign  _ 29,918 

Estimated  yield  of  additional  acres  in  bushels 188,940 

Farmers  assisted  in  securing  Sudan  grass  seed 211 

Number  of  bushels  of  Sudan  grass  seed  secured 186 

Acres  of  Sudan  grass  resulting  from  special  campaign  ....  1,283 

Estimated  yield  of  Sudan  grass  in  bushels 2,769 

Farmers  assisted  in  securing  winter  wheat  seed 279 

Bushels    of    winter    wheat    seed    secured    or    located    for 

farmers    33,237 

Acres  of  winter  wheat  planted  as  result  of  special  cam- 
paign      101,470 

Farmers  assisted  in  securing  seed  rye 66 

Bushels  of  rye  seed  secured  for  farmers 158 

Acres  seeded  as  a  result  of  special  campaign 393 

Farmers  assisted  in  securing  barley  seed 22 

Bushels  of  barley  seed  secured  for  farmers 3,895 

Acres  of  barley  seeded  as  a  result  of  special  campaign  ....  1,650 

Number  of  farmers  assisted  in  securing  seed  potatoes 180 

Bushels  of  seed  potatoes  secured  for  farmers 3,190 

Acres  of  potatoes  seeded  as  a  result  of  special  campaign  1,461 

Estimated  yield  of  additional  acres  in  bushels : 127,700 

6  Hendry,  G.  W.,  Bean  Culture  in  California,  ibid.,  Bull.  294. 


62  VNirEHSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Xumber  of  farmers  assisted  in  securing  seed  beans 379 

Number  of  bushels  of  seed  beans  secured  for  farmers l,-±39 

Acres  of  beans  seeded  as  a  result  of  special  campaign ....  14  264 

Yield  of  additional  acres  of  beans  in  bushels 215,300 

Live  Stoclc. 

Additional  cows  bred  as  a  result  of  campaign 200 

Additional  sows  bred  as  a  result  of  campaign 290 

Additional  sheep  placed  on  farms 7,530 

Food  Conservation 

Persons  assisted  in  home  garden  work 7,222 

Farmers  given  information  for  storing  plants  and  vege- 
tables     15,001 

Quarts  of  fruits  and  vegetables  canned  by  adults 41,450 

Canning  demonstrations  held  for  women 102 

Pounds   of   fruits   and    vegetables    dried   as   a   result    of 

campaign  125,000 

Miscellaneous 

Crops  saved  by  fire  protection '. $130,000 

Crops  saved  by  grasshopper  campaigns $40,000 

Butterfats  saved  by  feeding  demonstrations $20,000 

Farmers  assisted  in  securing  loans  on  tractors 88 

Increased  acres  cultivated  due  to  tractor  campaign 6,200 

Farmers  assisted  in  securing  power  sprayers 48 

Public  markets  established 11 

Value  of  crops  sold  in  such  markets $210,000 

Defense  Programme  of  Farm  Bureaus  for  1918 

Since  the  beginning  of  the  war  the  number  of  farm 
bureans  organized  in  counties  has  increased  from  seventeen 
to  thirty-six.  Of  these,  thirty-one  counties  have  farm 
advisors  installed.  There  are  20,000  farmers  in  California 
who  annually  pay  a  dollar  to  belong  to  the  farm  bureaus. 
The  counties  in  the  farm  bureau  system  now  cover  85  per 
cent  of  the  farms  of  the  state.  For  the  first  time  it  has 
become  possible  to  reach  the  farmers  of  California  by  per- 
sonal contact  through  a  state-wide  organization. 

The  food  production  campaign  for  1918  was  launched 
at  a  conference  of  the  county  farm  bureaus  in  California 
held  at  Berkeley,  March  11,  Avhich  was  attended  by  three 
r(>presentatives  of  each  farm  bureau  and  by  the  farm 
advisors  and  assistants. 


WAR  SERVICE  RECORD,  1917-18  ,  63 

President  Wilson  sent  the  following  message  to  the  con- 
ference which  was  received  with  much  enthusiasm : 

I  am  greatly  interested  in  the  emergency  food-production  con- 
ference to  be  held  at  Berlceley.  It  is  highly  important  that  we  do 
everything  within  our  power  to  secure  sufficient  supplies  for  our  own 
population  and  Army  and  for  the  nations  with  which  we  are  asso- 
ciated. I  trust  the  conference  will  find  ways  of  overcoming  the 
difficulties  inherent  in  the  situation  and  that  its  labors  will  be  fruitful 
of  large  results  and  thereby  aid  in  bringing  this  Avar  to  a  successful 
termination.  May  I  not  suggest  that  you  read  to  those  assembled 
at  the  conference,  as  a  message  from  me,  the  recent  statement  I 
made  to  the  farmers  of  the  nation  through  the  conference  at  Urbana? 

The  day  was  spent  in  discussion  of  definite  detailed 
plans  for  the  forthcoming  season.  These  were  summarized 
in  a  reply  telegram  addressed  to  President  Wilson : 

Berkeley,  Cal.,  March  11,  1918. 
The  President: 

The  members  of  the  emergency  food  production  conference,  rep- 
resenting the  agricultural  interests  of  the  State  through  the  36 
organized  county  farm  bureaus,  received  your  telegraphic  message 
Avith  great  enthusiasm  and  have  adopted  tlie  following  State-wide 
program  for  the  season  of  1918 : 

1.  To  urge  the  building  of  a  silo  and  planting  of  sweet  sorghums 
for  silage  and  for  sirup  on  every  dairy  farm  in  California. 

2.  To  put  out  on  20,000  farms  one  good  brood  sow  or  two  pigs  in 
order  to  increase  the  amount  of  pork  that  the  State  will  raise.  At 
least  40,000  more  hogs  Avill  be  so  raised. 

3.  To  develop  boys'  agricultural  clubs  in  every  community  in 
California  where  supervision  can  be  provided.  Three  thousand  boys 
Avere  already  groAving  crops.  Thousands  more  are  to  join  from  this 
campaign. 

4.  To  bring  the  Avomen  of  California  avIio  live  on  farms  into 
actiA'e  organization  as  a  part  of  the  county  farm  bureaus  in  order 
to  increase  food  conservation. 

5.  To  handle  farm  labor  siuation  by  eliminating  unnecessary  activ- 
ities and  Avorking  harder  on  essential  ones;  also  further  better  distri- 
bution of  labor  by  means  of  Federal  employment  stations  and  cooper- 
ation of  farm  bureaus. 

6.  To  investigate  immediately  the  seed  supply  of  the  State  in 
order  to  be  assured  that  an  adequate  amount  is  on  hand  to  plant 
the  1918  crops. 


64  UNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

7.  To  protect  grain  fields  and  grass  ranges  from  fire  by  means 
of  county-wide  protective  organizations  under  farm  bureaus  and  thus 
eliminate  a  quarter  of  a  million  dollars  annual  loss  in  foodstuffs. 

Please  rest  assured  of  our  hearty  cooperation  for  the  successful 
prosecution  of  the  war. 

B.  A.  TEAGARDE>f,  Chairman, 

EOGER    L,    ElCE, 

J.  L.  Harean, 

B.   H.  Crocheron,  State  Leader. 

These  campaigns  are  now  under  way  and  will  consume 
the  entire  time  and  attention  of  the  farm  bureaus  and  farm 
advisors  during  the  present  year. 

Agriculture  Cluh  Work 

In  order  to  increase  the  amount  of  food  being  produced 
by  the  agriculture  club  members  of  the  state,  a  continuous 
plan  of  work  has  been  outlined  to  keep  the  members  active 
through  the  entire  year.  Each  member  is  to  carry  on  a 
livestock  feeding  project  during  the  winter  when  few  crops 
can  be  grown.  In  order  to  fit  in  with  the  increased  pork 
production  campaign  the  formation  of  pig  clubs  has  been 
especially  emphasized.  Early  spring  crops,  such  as  pota- 
toes, follow  the  annual  project,  succeeded  in  turn  by  such 
summer  crops  as  beans  and  sorghums.  The  sorghum  crops 
will  furnish  grain  to  feed  a  larger  number  of  livestock  the 
following  winter.  Special  clubs,  i.e.,  sheep  and  lamb  clubs, 
have  been  organized  to  conserve  orphan  and  twin  lambs 
which  normally  are  slaughtered  in  large  numbers  each 
spring. 

The  number  of  liigh  school  teachers  of  agriculture, 
cooperatively  employed  as  district  club  leaders,  has  been 
increased  from  fifteen  to  thirty-four.  The  enrollment  has 
already  increased  from  1879  boys  in  1917  to  2389  boys  and 
girls  in  1918.  Thousands  more  will  enroll  for  planting 
summer  crops. 

Club  members,  especially  those  enrolled  in  agriculture 
in  clubs,  are  proving  to  be  excellent  demonstrators  of  the 


WAE  SERVICE  EECOED,   1917-18  65 

best  agricultural  practices.  By  project  feeding,  pig  club 
members  are  making  net  profits  of  from  $5  to  $10  per  hog 
for  105  to  120  days'  feeding,  even  with  the  present  high 
prices  of  feeds. 

Home  Demonstration  Work 

Before  the  outbreak  of  the  war  three  specialists  were 
employed  by  the  College  of  Agriculture  for  demonstration 
work  among  farm  women.  These  traveled  througli  the  state 
giving  advice  on  the  conservation  of  farm  products.  With 
the  passage  of  the  war  emergency  bill  for  "stimulating 
agriculture  and  facilitating  the  distribution  of  products," 
the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  allotted 
$20,000  to  California  for  demonstration  work  for  farm  and 
city  women  to  be  conducted  through  the  College  of  Agri- 
culture. 

The  state  was  then  divided  into  nine  districts,  in  each 
of  which  a  woman  was  emploj-ed  as  demonstration  agent. 
Since  the  bill  did  not  pass  Congress  until  late  in  August,  it 
was  October  before  the  new  appointees  were  at  work  in 
their  districts.  Four  major  projects  occupied  their  main 
attention:  (1)  conservation  of  food  by  canning,  drying, 
etc.;  (2)  the  substitution  of  foods  to  take  the  place  of 
wheat,  meat,  etc.;  (3)  the  increase  of  home  gardens  on 
farms;  and  (4)  the  increase  of  small  poultry  flocks  on 
farms.  The  demand  for  this  type  of  work  proved  so  large 
that  the  number  of  demonstrators  was  increased  to  eleven 
— as  many  as  the  funds  permitted.  During  the  year,  1342 
demonstrations  were  given  and  551  lectures  delivered,  or  a 
total  of  almost  2000  meetings  attended  by  66,029  persons. 

It  became  evident  that  it  was  impossible  for  a  demon- 
strator to  cover  adequately  several  counties  since  the  great- 
est efficiency  of  this  work  is  achieved  through  personal 
visitation  at  the  request  of  the  people.  It  is  agreed,  there- 
fore, during  1918  and  1919  to  transfer  the  work  from  a 
district  basis  ebmracing  several  counties,  to  a  plan  whereby 


C6  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

a  county  home  demonstrator  will  be  placed  in  a  single 
county,  through  the  cooperation  of  the  county  board  of 
supervisors,  by  the  provision  of  a  plan  similar  to  that  by 
whicli  farm  advisors  have  been  installed. 

In  order  to  secure  a  special  organization  through  which 
the  home  demonstrator  might  reach  the  women  of  the 
county  who  desire  this  form  of  service,  a  plan  has  been 
devised  whereby  farm  liome  departments  of  the  farm 
bureaus  are  being  formed  in  thirty-five  counties;  of  these, 
nine  are  already  completed.  Women  therein  join  the  farm 
bureau  on  the  same  basis  as  men,  but  are  expected  to  be 
particularly  interested  in  the  work  for  the  benefit  of  the 
farm  home.  Demonstration  meetings  for  the  women  will 
be  held  in  every  farm  bureau  center  on  an  established 
monthly  schedule  when  women  county  demonstrators  are 
installed.  It  is  expected  that  through  an  increased  appro- 
priation by  Congress  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
funds  will  be  allotted  to  California  during  the  forthcoming 
year  for  the  special  furtherance  of  this  enterprise  in  twenty 
counties,    . 


School  and  Home  Gardens 

The  school  and  home  garden  work  has  not  been  actively 
promoted  in  a  general  state-wide  campaign,  the  College 
of  Agriculture  having  contented  itself  with  giving  advice 
on  conditions  essential  to  success.  Its  purpose  has  been  to 
promote  gardens  only  where  the  local  conditions  warrant 
reasonable  assurance  of  success.  Obviously,  the  production 
of  food  is  not  increased  by  attempts  which  result  in  failure, 
no  matter  how  praiseworthy  the  motive.  The  work  has 
largely  fallen  upon  0.  J.  Kern,  Assistant  Professor  of 
Agricultural  Education,  who  has  cooperated  with  the  Red 
Cross  organizations  in  giving  many  lectures  at  schools  on 
war  gardens. 


WAE  SERVICE  EECOED,  1917-18  67 

Land  Settlement 

The  State  Land  Settlement  Board,  of  which  Professor 
Elwood  Mead  is  chairman,  has  acquired,  prepared  and  sub- 
divided for  settlement  about  6400  acres  of  land  at  Durham, 
California.  More  than  1000  acres  were  seeded,  chiefly  to 
wheat  and  barley.  The  entire  area,  mainly  devoted  to  pas- 
ture, will  be  settled  and  intensively  cultivated  before  the 
end  of  1918.  In  addition  to  its  contribution  to  the  food 
supply  of  California,  it  promises  to  exercise  a  marked 
influence  on  policies  to  be  adopted  for  providing  homes  for 
soldiers  after  the  war.  Professor  Mead  has  been  called  to 
Washington  for  a  portion  of  his  time  to  carry  on  this 
important  reconstruction  work. 

Sanitation  in  Military  Camps 

During  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1917,  AV.  B.  Herms, 
Associate  Professor  of  Parasitology,  was  almost  continu- 
ousl}^  engaged  in  investigating  the  sanitation  of  the  seventy- 
three  camps  of  the  Western  Department  of  the  United 
States  Army,  particularly  in  regard  to  mosquitoes  and 
flies.  This  work,  which  is  the  outcome  of  the  mosquito 
survey  of  the  state,  was  begun  in  1916,  in  cooperation  with 
the  State  Board  of  Health.  This  important  undertaking 
led  to  Professor  Herm's  appointment  as  Captain  in  the 
Sanitary  Corps  of  the  National  Army.  The  investigation 
will  be  continued  and,  it  is  expected,  completed  during  the 
coming  summer  by  S.  B.  Freeborn,  Assistant  Professor  of 
Entomology.  Professor  Freeborn  has  recently  been  com- 
missioned First  Lieutenant  in  the  Sanitary  Corps. 

Fire  Control 

The  annual  loss  in  grain,  forage  and  timber  by  fire  in 
California  is  estimated  to  be  about  $750,000,  approximately 
equally  divided  among  the  three  items.  When  war  was 
declared  there  was  no  effective  organization  for  the  control 


ti8  UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

of  fires  outside  the  national  forests  and  national  parks.  The 
situation  was  discussed  at  a  forestry  meeting  held  Octo- 
ber 13,  1917,  in  connection  with  the  dedication  of  Hilgard 
Hall  at  the  University.  At  this  meeting  the  Forest  Indus- 
trial Committee  was  formed,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Divi- 
sion of  Forestry.  The  committee  consists  of  the  State 
Forester,  chairman,  one  representative  each  of  the  United 
States  Forest  Service  and  the  Division  of  Forestry  of  the 
University  of  California  and  three  representatives  of  the 
lumber  industry.  This  committee  has  been  the  largest 
factor  in  securing  unity  of  thought  and  action  on  the  part 
of  organizations  interested  in  fire  protection.  It  has 
actively  conducted  a  state-wide  campaign  for  better  tire 
protection  of  the  grain  fields  and  grazing  ranges.  The 
four  leading  tractor  and  harvester  manufacturers  of  the 
state  have  perfected  adequate  safety  devices  which  have 
been  tested  by  the  Division  of  Agricultural  Engineering. 
In  various  effective  ways  Woodbridge  Metcalf,  Assistant 
Professor  of  Forestry,  has  given  much  of  his  time  to  the 
study  and  promotion  of  methods  of  fire  protection. 

Fish  Investigations 

The  Committee  on  Resources  and  Food  Supply  of  the 
State  Council  of  Defense,  on  April  10,  1917,  directed  the 
College  of  Agriculture  to  report  upon  sources  and  supply 
of  fish  in  California.  This  the  College  of  Agriculture  was 
enabled  to  do,  through  E.  J.  Lea,  Associate  Professor  of 
Nutrition  and  Head  of  the  Food  Laboratory  of  the  State 
Board  of  Health,  on  May  10,  1917.  The  subsequent  assign- 
ment of  Dr.  E.  D.  Clark,  trained  investigator  in  this  prob- 
lem, by  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  the  United  States  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  to  the  Federal  Food  Administra- 
tion for  California  made  it  unnecessary  to  continue  further 
investigations.  Dr.  Clark  Ayas  assisted  in  obtaining  two 
trained  men,  and  they  have  since  used  the  laboratory  of 
the  Division  of  Viticulture. 


WAS  SEEVICE  EECOED,  1917-lS  69 

Grasshopper  Control 

During  the  summer  of  1917,  the  Division  of  Entomology 
made  a  grasshopper  survey  of  the  state  in  order  to  locate 
the  breeding  grounds  of  that  insect.  As  a  result  of  an 
extensive  examination,  county  farm  advisors,  county  horti- 
cultural commissioners  and  interested  private  individuals 
were  instructed  as  to  the  possible  danger  of  grasshopper 
attacks  and  the  localities  in  which  these  attacks  might  arise. 
In  addition,  many  demonstrations  were  made  in  the  dis- 
tricts concerned.  At  the  request  of  the  United  States 
Forest  Service,  the  Division  agreed  to  cooperate  in  the 
control  of  grasshoppers  on  the  stock  ranges  of  the  Plumas 
and  Lassen  National  Forests  during  the  summer. 

Bacillus  l)otullnus 

The  Bacillus  hotulinus  has  caused  at  least  nine  deaths 
in  California  and  Oregon  during  the  past  year,  where  im- 
properly sterilized  fruits  and  vegetables  have  been  used. 
The  Division  of  Viticulture  has  studied  the  death  tempera- 
ture of  the  organism  under  various  conditions  and  has 
issued  a  brief  statement.  The  usual  methods  of  home  can- 
ning have  so  far  appeared  to  be  safe.'^ 

Utilization  of  Garbage 

The  utilization  of  city  garbage  as  food  for  swine,  as  a 
war  emergency  product,  has  been  thoroughly  investigated 
by  the  Division  of  Veterinary  Science.  Four  members  of 
the  staff  have  been  engaged  in  the  work.  It  was  found  that 
many  of  the  cities  of  California,  including  such  large  muni- 
cipalities as  Oakland  and  San  Francisco,  were  destroying  a 
considerable  part  of  this  valuable  hog  food.  Experiments 
were  carried  on  in  collecting  the  garbage  from  twenty-four 
families  of  ordinary  means  in  the  city  of  Oakland,  from 
June,  1917  to  January,  1918,  and  feeding  it  to  hogs.     The 


7  Cruess,  W.  V.,  Home  and  Farm  Canuing,  ibid.,  Circ.   158. 


70  VXirEFSITT  OF  CALIFORNIA 

experiment  showed  that  twenty-six  pounds  of  "residence 
garbage"  would  produce  one  pound  of  live  pork.  At  this 
rate  there  was  being  destroyed  in  the  bay  cities  enough  hog 
food  to  produce  1  per  cent  of  the  total  food  supply  of  the 
population  of  these  cities.  This  waste  material  has  gradu- 
ally been  utilized  until  during  the  month  of  April,  1918, 
the  City  Engineer  of  Berkeley  estimated  that  400  tons  of 
green  garbage  collected  in  that  city  was  fed  to  hogs. 

Serums  and  Vaccines 

Garbage  feeders  invariably  lost  a  high  percentage  of 
their  pigs  soon  after  weaning,  which  at  times  reached  50 
per  cent  or  more.  All  garbage  feeders  in  the  bay  vicinity 
were  visited  on  several  occasions  by  various  members  of 
the  staff  and  advised  of  the  proper  method  of  prevention 
of  this  loss  by  use  of  anti-hog-cholera  serum.  At  present 
the  loss  from  this  cause  in  garbage  fed  hogs  practically  has 
been  eliminated.  Anti-hog-cholera  serum  has  been  manu- 
factured and  distributed  in  as  large  quantities  as  in  the 
past,  but  more  has  been  personally  administered  by  mem- 
bers of  the  staff  with  uniformly  successful  results.  Investi- 
gations of  chicken  diseases  have  continued  and  during  the 
spring  of  1918  a  larger  amount  of  chicken-pox  vaccine  was 
distributed  than  ever  before,  with  highly  successful  results. 

Nitrogen  Fixation 

The  problem  of  nitrogen  fixation  was  assigned  to  the 
Division  of  Soil  Chemistry  and  Bacteriology  at  the  special 
request  of  the  Committee  on  Sources  of  Nitrogen  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense,  of  which  Mr.  F.  G.  Cottrell 
of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines  is  chairman.  The 
committee  asked  for  the  transfer  of  C.  B.  Lipman,  Pro- 
fessor of  Soil  Chemistry  and  Bacteriology,  to  Washington 
to  study  this  special  phase  of  the  problem.  It  was  finally 
decided,  however,  that  the  work  could  be  just  as  effectively^ 
done  as  a  part  of  the  activities  of  this  station.    The  object 


WAE  SEEVICE  EECOED,  1917-18  71 

is  to  determine  whether  the  total  and  available  nitrogen 
for  plants  conld  not  be  increased  l)y  the  proper  supply  of 
energ}'  to  the  soil  and  through  other  technical  methods. 
The  project  is  now  well  under  way  and,  it  is  believed,  for 
the  tirst  time  the  problem  of  nitrogen  fixation  by  soil  organ- 
isms has  been  studied,  emploj-ing  all  possible  safeguards 
against  error  required  by  the  modern  appreciation  of  sta- 
tistical and  physical  chemical  methods. 

Stored  Grains 

The  College  of  Agriculture  was  represented  on  a  com- 
mittee with  Professor  Doane  of  Leland  Stanford,  Jr., 
University  to  assist  the  Food  Administration  in  the  preser- 
vation of  foodstuffs.  Inspections  have  been  made  of  the 
larger  warehouses  of  the  San  Francisco  Bay  region.  South- 
ern California,  and  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento 
valleys  to  determine  what  insects  are  present  and  the 
possibility  of  injury.  Wherever  losses  were  noted  in  any 
foodstuffs  the  attention  of  the  warehouse  man  in  charge 
was  called  to  the  fact  and  through  him  word  was  sent  to 
the  owner  of  the  goods  with  recommendations  for  control 
measures.  When  possible,  assistance  has  been  given  in 
practical  control  work,  such  as  directions  for  the  building 
of  fumigating  houses,  practice  of  fumigation  and  in  the 
use  of  insecticidal  washes. 

Economic  Poisons 

It  is  estimated  that  the  agriculturists  of  the  state  paid 
out  approximately  two  and  a  half  million  dollars  during 
1916  in  the  purchase  of  materials  for  the  control  of  pests. 
Steps  were"  taken  by  G.  P.  Gray,  Assistant  Professor  of 
Entomology  and  Chemist  in  the  Insecticide  Laboratorj^  to 
ascertain  whether  acute  shortages  were  apt  to  occur  in  the 
future  and  whether  in  some  cases  it  might  be  desirable  to 
substitute  cheaper  materials  for  the  more  expensive.  It 
was  concluded  that  there  is  no  actual  shortage  of  arsenic 


72  UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFOBNIA 

in  the  United  States,  the  high  price  of  this  important 
economic  poison  being  artificial,  and  that  conditions  in 
respect  to  copper  sulphate,  sodium  cyanide  and  carbon 
bisulphide  are  as  good  as  could  be  expected  under  the 
circumstances,  but  that  an  actual  shortage  of  sulphur  may 
occur.^ 

Squirrel  Campaign 

The  College  of  Agriculture  has  been  cooperating  with 
the  State  Commission  of  Horticulture  in  a  state-wide  cam- 
paign against  the  ground  squirrel  and  other  rodents  whose 
depredations  cause  vast  losses  in  food  products.  In  this 
work  the  College  of  Agriculture  has  been  assisted  by  the 
Museum  of  Vertebrate  Zoology  of  the  University,  which 
has  prepared  two  important  publications.^  M.  R.  Miller, 
Assistant  Chemist  in  Insecticide  Control,  has  analyzed  the 
more  important  brands  of  commercial  rodent  poisons.  A 
great  variation  in  poison  content  was  found.  The  results 
which  have  been  published  will,  it  is  believed,  cause  the 
standardization  of  rodent  poisons.^"  A  promising  new 
method  of  squirrel  extermination  has  been  developed  by 
Professors  J.  S.  Burd  and  G.  R.  Stewart  of  the  Division  of 
Agricultural  Chemistry  in  their  investigation  of  fumigation 
methods. 

Potash 

Although  started  prior  to  the  war,  the  Division  of  Agri- 
cultural Chemistry  has  carried  on  an  extensive  study  of 
kelp  with  particular  reference  to  the  production  of  potash. 
Eight  publications  have  been  issued,  which  it  is  believed, 
have  been  useful  in  the  development  of  the  local  potash 
industry.     Investigations  have   also  been   made,   and   the 

s  California  State  Commission  of  Horticulture,  Monthly  Bulletin, 
March,  1918. 

n  Dixon,  Joseph,  Control  of  the  California  Ground  Squirrel,  Univ. 
Calif.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  Circ,  181;  Control  of  the  Tocket  Gopher  in 
California,  ihicl.,  Bull.   281. 

"  Calif.  St.  Comm.  Hort.,  Mon.  Bull.,  April,  1918. 


WAR  SERVICE  EECOKB,  1917-18  73 

results  published,  on  the  possibility  of  tule  as  a  source  of 
potash." 

Cotton 

In  the  summer  of  1917  the  War  Department  emphasized 
to  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  the  neces- 
sity' of  increasing  the  supply  of  long  staple  cotton  for  its 
programme  of  aeroplane  manufacture.  Experiments  had 
already  been  conducted  by  the  Division  of  Agronomy  at 
the  Kearney  Ranch,  Fresno,  in  recognition  of  the  impor- 
tance of  this  crop.^^  On  October  19,  1917,  a  preliminary 
meeting  was  held  in  Fresno  under  the  auspices  of  the  Farm 
Bureau  to  which  all  farmers  interested  in  the  planting  of 
cotton  were  invited.  More  than  one  hundred  attended  this 
meeting,  at  which  the  salient  facts  of  cotton  production 
were  presented  and  the  desirability  of  growing  this  staple 
in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  set  forth.  A  committee  was 
appointed  to  organize  a  permanent  cotton  growers'  associa- 
tion and  to  secure  for  prospective  growers  a  supply  of  good 
Egyptian  seed.  Other  meetings  have  been  held  from  time 
to  time,  until  now  it  seems  that  at  least  6000  acres  of  this 
type  of  cotton  will  be  planted  in  the  southern  San  Joaquin 
counties.  On  February  14,  1918,  a  conference  on  the  sub- 
ject of  cotton  was  held  at  Holtville.  It  is  believed  that 
10,000  acres  will  be  planted  in  the  Imperial  Valley  the 
coming  season  as  compared  with  1000  acres  planted  last 
year. 

Substitutes  for  Sugar 

Between  October,  1917  and  May,  1918,  G.  A.  Coleman, 
Instructor  in  Entomology,  arranged  the  programmes  and 
attended  forty-three  meetings  for  beekeepers  in  cooperation 
with  Messrs.  E.  F.  Atwater  and  G.  S.  Demuth  of  the  United 
States  Department   of  Agriculture.      Sixteen   counties   in 


11  Hibbard,  P.  L.,  Potash  from  Tule  and  the  Fertilizer  Value  of 
Certain  Marsh  Plants,  Univ.  Calif.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  Bull.  288. 

12  Gilmore,  J.  W.,  Cotton  in  the  San  Joaquin  Vallej,  ibid.,  Circ. 
192. 


74  UNIVEHSITY  OF  CALIFOENIA 

middle  and  southern  California  were  covered  by  these  meet- 
ings, which  were  attended  by  1500  people.  A  partial  bee 
range  survey  has  been  made  of  Santa  Barbara  and  ]Mon- 
terey  National  Forests,  Maps  of  locations  and  description 
of  ranges  for  6000  colonies  of  bees  have  been  prepared  from 
this  survey.  A  complete  survey  has  been  made  of  Santa 
Cruz  County  showing  favorable  locations  for  10,000  colo- 
nies of  bees  with  a  possible  annual  production  of  2,000,000 
pounds  of  honej'. 

A  campaign,  mentioned  elsewhere,  to  increase  the  pos- 
sible supply"  of  sugar  by  growing  sweet  sorghums  has  been 
undertaken.  Professor  W.  V.  Cruess  has  made  a  special 
investigation  of  the  practical  methods  of  producing  sor- 
ghum sirup,  while  B.  A.  Madson,  Assistant  Professor  of 
Agronomj^  has  reported  upon  the  investigation  of  several 
years  concerning  varieties  and  culture  of  sweet  sorghums.^-^ 
Investigations  by  the  Division  of  Viticulture  have  proved 
that  grape  juice  may  be  cheaply  and  successfully  preserved 
with  sulphurous  acid  until  it  can  be  transferred  to  a  central 
point  for  sirup  manufacture,  and  that  the  sulphurous  acid 
can  be  completely  removed  and  a  very  palatable  sirup, 
suitable  for  cooking  and  table  use,  made  from  the  juice 
with  calcium  tartrate  as  a  bj^-product. 

Vegetable  Preservation 
The  home  drying,  salting  and  pickling  of  vegetables 
have  been  investigated  and  the  results  used  as  a  basis  for 
several  publications.  The  commercial  drying  of  vegetables 
is  now  being  studied  and  has  resulted  in  interesting  several 
companies  in  drying  vegetables  for  the  ."War  Department. 
Professor  Cruess  has  actively  cooperated  with  the  members 
of  the  Subsistence  Division  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  of 
the  United  States  Army.  The  lemon  juice  method  for  the 
home  canning  of  vegetables  has  been  further  tested  during 
the  past  season  and  previous  conclusions  as  to  its  reliability 
confirmed. 


i3Maflson,  B.  A.,  Sweet  Sorghum  for  Forage,  ibid.,  Bull.  293. 


WAS  SERVICE  BECOBD,  1917-18  75 

Wheat  Production  Conference 

On  August  27,  1917,  Professor  J.  W.  Gilmore  attended 
a  conference  held  under  the  auspices  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  in  Spokane,  as  a  representative 
of  the  College  of  Agriculture,  to  consider  with  representa- 
tives of  other  mountain  and  coast  states  the  methods  of 
increasing  wheat  production.  Subsequently  a  programme 
for  increasing  the  production  of  wheat  was  laid  out  in 
California ;  first,  by  increasing  acreage  and,  second,  by 
increasing  the  yield  per  acre.  Three  general  methods  of 
increasing  acreage  were  decided  upon :  further  use  of  idle 
lands,  irrigation  of  lands  not  otherwise  suited  to  the  grow- 
ing of  wheat,  and  by  requesting  farmers  to  substitute  10 
per  cent  of  the  barley  acreage  for  patriotic  reasons.  The 
increase  of  yield  on  existing  acreage  is  to  be  brought  about 
by  better  seed,  more  thorough  preparation  of  the  soil, 
greater  care  in  seeding  promptly  and  the  application  of 
fertilizers. 

In  response  to  a  publicity  campaign  there  was  listed 
with  the  Division  of  Soil  Technology  32,552  acres  by  owners 
and  39,000  acres  by  agents  of  owners.  In  addition,  there 
were  reported  265,850  acres  by  farm  advisors,  county  horti- 
cultural commissioners,  and  others  who  were  without  author- 
ity to  give  leases  or  otherwise  handle  the  land.  Wherever 
possible  to  get  the  location  and  ownership  of  the  last  named 
tracts,  they  were  investigated  and  in  most  cases  were 
found  to  be  used  for  pasture  or  other  crops,  or  to  be  un- 
suited  to  production  because  of  soil,  climate  or  other 
reasons.  Replies  from  47  per  cent  of  those  who  listed  their 
land  show  that  8825  acres  or  27  per  cent  listed  by  owners 
is  now  rented,  and  that  15,000  acres  or  38  per  cent  listed 
by  agents  is  rented.  This  gives  a  total  rented  of  23,825 
acres,  or  331.4  per  cent  of  the  total  71,552  acres  listed.  No 
data  are  available  regarding  the  land  controlled  by  the 
53  per  cent  of  owners  or  agents  who  did  not  answer  the 
letter  of  inquiry. 


76  UNIFEBSITY  OF  CALIFOENIA 

Irrigation 

The  assistance  rendered  by  the  Division  of  Irrigation 
Investigations  to  individuals  and  to  particular  enterprises 
has  dealt  mainly  with  increasing  the  irrigation  of  lands 
capable  of  producing  grain  and  forage  crops.  A  field 
survey  of  irrigation  of  wheat  in  California  has  been  made.^* 
Practical  help  has  been  given  in  laying  out  farm  ditches 
and  irrigation  pipe  lines,  installing  pumping  plants  and 
preparing  land  for  irrigation.  Twenty-five  cases  of  this 
kind  have  been  dealt  with  during  the  year,  involving  a 
total  area  approximating  2500  acres.  As  a  result  of  a 
state-wide  conference  in  Berkeley,  April  17,  1917,  Decision 
No.  4278  was  obtained  from  the  State  Railroad  Commission. 
This  decision  removed  legal  restrictions  on  emergency  de- 
liveries of  surplus  irrigation  water  by  utility  water  com- 
panies. An  emergency  act  drafted  by  the  Water  Commis- 
sion and  the  Railroad  Commission,  in  conference  with  the 
Division  of  Irrigation  Investigations,  removed  legal  restric- 
tions from  emergency  deliveries  of  irrigation  water  by 
individuals  and  mutual  water  companies.  With  the  assent 
of  the  State  Engineer  and  of  the  Attorney-General,  an 
appeal  was  sent  through  the  State  Council  of  Defense  to 
irrigation  districts,  urging  emergency  irrigation  deliveries 
to  land  owners  outside  of  districts.  After  numerous  con- 
ferences signatures  were  obtained  to  a  stipulation  which 
practically  vacated,  for  the  period  of  the  war  and  a  reason- 
able time  thereafter,  an  injunction  issued  in  1903  against 
the  opening  of  Lake  Land  flood  water  canal  from  Kings 
River.  This  waiver  makes  possible  the  watering  of  at  least 
30,000  acres.  In  cooperation  with  motor  and  irrigation 
machinery  supplj^  houses  in  San  Francisco,  a  ruling  was 
obtained  from  the  War  Priorities  Board  througli  the 
Federal  Food  Administration  for  California,  permitting 
priority  orders  for  motors,  engines  and  pumps  needed  for 
irrigation  of  essential  crops. 

"Adams,  F.,  Exten<li)iEr  the  Area  of  Irrigated  Wheat  in  Califor- 
nia for  iniS,  ihid.,  Cire.  ]82. 


WAE  SEEVICE  RECOED,  W 17-18  77 

Investigations  were  instituted,  on  Jnly,  1917,  of  a  con- 
troversy between  the  people  of  Lake  County  and  the  Yolo 
Water  and  Power  Company,  involving  the  use  of  water  of 
Clear  Lake  for  irrigation.  These  investigations  were  the 
basis  for  an  agreement  obtained  April,  1918,  by  the  Federal 
Food  Administration  for  California,  by  which  10,000  acres 
of  rice  will  be  irrigated  in  Yolo  County  in  1918  with  water 
pumped  from  Clear  Lake.  The  agreement  entered  into  will 
be  supervised  throughout  the  season  by  S.  H.  Beckett, 
Assistant  Professor  of  Irrigation  Practice,  acting  as  repre- 
sentative of  the  Food  Administration.  A  small  demonstra- 
tion project  is  under  way  at  Redding  with  a  view  to  hasten- 
ing the  use  of  water  made  available  by  Anderson-Cotton- 
wood Irrigation  District  canal.  A  field  investigation  of 
opportunities  for  temporary  utilization  of  water  wasted  in 
Auburn  Ravine  from  the  power  plant  of  the  Pacific  Gas 
and  Electric  Company  has  been  made.  The  water  users 
and  owners  were  brought  together  in  a  controversy  regard- 
ing the  use  of  Clark  Ditch  in  El  Dorado  County.  Assist- 
ance was  given  in  the  settlement  of  a  controversy  over  dis- 
tribution of  irrigation  water  in  Orangevale  Colony.  A  pre- 
liminary financial  investigation  of  California  irrigation, 
drainage  and  reclamation  enterprises,  which  contemplate 
substantial  expenditures  during  the  war  period,  has  been 
made.  This  inquiry'  is  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  fed- 
eral authorities  to  report  on  these  projects  when  called 
upon  by  the  Capital  Issues  Committee  of  the  United  States 
War  Finance  Corporation. 

Seed  Supply 

Information  was  widely  distributed  concerning  the 
regional  adaptation  of  six  leading  varieties  of  wheat.  For 
many  years  these  varieties  have  been  under  investigation 
by  the  Division  of  Agronomy.,  Arrangements  were  per- 
fected whereby  millers,  warehouse  men  and  grain  dealers 
agreed  to  set  aside  for  seed  good  stocks  of  the  pure  varieties. 


78  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

This  was  facilitated  by  the  United  States  Grain  Corpora- 
tion. While  the  plan  was  not  wholly  satisfactory  much 
good  was  accomplished. 

Through  cooperation  with  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  Professor  W.  W.  Mackie  and  several 
assistants  promoted  in  many  parts  of  the  state  the  treating 
of  wheat  and  barley  by  standard  methods  for  the  preven- 
tion of  smut.  Laboratory  work  has  been  carried  on  to 
determine  the  effectiveness  of  these  treatments.  The  party 
is  now  engaged  in  following  up  the  results  through  the 
harvest. 

In  the  spring  of  1917  and  again  in  1918,  J.  W.  Gilmore, 
Professor  of  Agronomy,  secured  from  as  large  a  number 
of  farms  as  possible,  data  on  the  amounts  and  kinds  of  seed 
needed  for  planting,  and  the  amounts  and  kinds  of  seed 
on  hand  for  sale.  These  data,  showing  lists  of  farmers 
and  seed  firms  from  which  seed  could  readily  be  secured, 
were  sent  to  all  farm  advisors.  Where  it  was  found  a  short- 
age existed,  dealers  were  notified  to  supply  this  shortage. 
Although  it  was  sometimes  difficult  to  keep  an  adequate 
report  of  the  amounts  and  kinds  of  seed  on  hand  by  dealers, 
in  general  the  system  has  been  successful.  It  has  also 
been  helpful  in  enabling  farmers  having  stocks  of  good  seed 
on  hand  to  dispose  of  them  at  reasonable  prices. 


Cultural  Methods 

The  investigations  of  the  Division  of  Agronomy  carried 
on  at  Davis,  Stockton,  Fresno  and  El  Centro  during  the 
past  year,  as  heretofore,  show  the  influence  of  the  tliorough 
preparation  of  soil  upon  the  yield  of  wheat  and  barley, 
especially  during  those  periods  when  the  rainfall  is  sub- 
normal. Thus  the  grain  crop  of  1917  at  Davis  showed  but 
little  effect  of  the  deficient  rainfall,  while  a  normal  yield 
during  ]918  is  at  present  indicated  although  it  is  the  second 
year  of  deficient  rainfall.    In  order  to  bring  this  matter  to 


WAB  SEBVICE  BECOED,  1917-18  79 

the  attention  of  farmers  as  thoroughly  as  possible  a  Cereal 
Field  Day  was  held  at  the  University  Farm  at  Davis  on 
May  18,  1918. 

Intercrops  and  Winter  Cover  Crops 

At  the  University  Farm,  Davis,  in  May,  1917,  feterita, 
dwarf  milo  and  two  varieties  of  beans  were  planted  in  a 
two-year-old  and  in  a  nine-year-old  deciduous  orchard. 
Neither  of  these  orchards  w^as  irrigated.  All  of  the  crops 
made  a  splendid  growth  and  produced  heavily  in  the  two- 
year-old  orchard  without  any  apparent  injury  to  the  trees. 
None  of  the  crops  made  a  successful  growth  in  the  nine- 
year-old  orchard.  It  thus  seems  possible  to  produce  a 
great  deal  of  food  material  in  young  orchards  without 
detriment  to  the  trees,  even  under  dry  land  conditions. 
What  crops  would  thrive  in  a  nine-year-old  orchard  if 
irrigation  were  available  is  being  determined  this  summer. 

Careful  estimates  made  early  in  1917  indicated  that 
there  were  in  southern  California  about  77,000  acres  of 
young  irrigated  citrus  orchards  that  might  be  intercropped 
without  injury  to  the  trees.  Intercropping,  especiall}'  with 
beans  and  to  some  extent  with  potatoes  and  grain  sorghums, 
was  advocated.  A  survey  made  later  in  the  season  by 
Professor  R.  S.  Vaile  indicated  that  while  normally  only 
25  per  cent  of  such  groves  are  intercropped,  this  last  year 
at  least  45  per  cent  have  been  so  handled.  About  30,000 
acres  were  planted  to  beans,  3000  to  grain  sorghums,  2000 
to  potatoes  and  1000  to  corn.  A  special  study  of  the  results 
obtained  has  been  published.^^ 

The  investigations  of  the  Citrus  Experiment  Station 
show  that  the  cheapest  source  of  nitrogen  is  through  the 
use  of  leguminous,  winter  cover  crops.^°  In  view  of  the 
great  M^ar  demand  for  commercial  nitrogenous  materials, 


15  Vaile,  E.  S.,  Intercropping  of  Young  Irrigated  Orchards,  ihid., 
Circ.  174. 

i6Metz,  M.  W.,  Green  Manure  Crops  in  Southern  California,  ihid., 
Bull.  272. 


80  rXirESSITY  OF  CALIFOENIA 

the  station  has  advocated  the  extensive  use  of  sucli  cover 
crops  with  marked  results.^'  The  fact  brought  out  by  the 
orchard  trials,  that  potash  and  pliosphoric  acid  have  shown 
but  slight  effects  and  can  therefore  be  omitted  from  citrus 
groves  for  a  few  years,  has  been  emphasized. 

Fruit  Drying  Industry 
During  the  season  of  1917,  W.  L.  Sweet,  Instructor  in 
Pomology,  and  other  members  of  the  Division  of  Pomology 
conducted  an  inquiry  into  practices  followed  by  the  leading 
growers  of  deciduous  fruits.  Special  attention  was  given 
to  the  cost  of  different  operations,  and  the  total  cost  of 
drying  and  curing  the  various  deciduous  fruits.  This 
survey  has  made  available  information  enabling  those  just 
engaging  in  the  business  to  begin  employing  the  best  prac- 
tices and  also  enabling  many  experienced  growers  to  im- 
prove their  methods. 

Sugar  Beets 
The  shortage  of  sugar  and  the  known  relation  of  curly 
top  or  blight  disease  of  beets,  caused  by  the  bite  of  a  leaf 
hopper,  to  the  production  of  sugar  beets  throughout  the 
western  third  of  the  United  States  have  caused  R.  E.  Smith, 
Professor  of  Plant  Pathology,  to  redouble  his  efforts  to 
the  end  that  practical  methods  of  control  may  be  secured. 
H.  H.  Severin,  Instructor  in  Entomology,  has  been  relieved 
of  all  teaching  and  other  research  duties  to  give  his  whole 
time  to  the  study  of  this  destructive  leaf  hopper.  In  May, 
1917,  the  station  issued  a  circular  of  information,  including 
estimates  of  cost  of  production  which  were  submitted  to 
the  eoiinnittee  of  the  United  States  Food  Administration, 
which  also  reported  on  the  price  the  grower  should  receive 
for  sugar  beets.^^    Professor  R.  S.  Vaile  also  made  a  special 

17  Kelley,  W.  P.,  The  Fertilization  of  Citrus,  ibid.,  Circ.  171. 
IS  Adams,    R.    L.,    FundameDtals    of    Sugar    Beet    Culture    under 
Califorjiia  Conditions,  ihid.,  Circ.  165. 


WAR  SEBVICE  liECOED,  1917-18  81 

report  on  conditions  in  southern  California.  It  was  fore- 
seen that  owing  to  the  conflict  in  Europe  tlie  sugar  beet 
supply  would  become  a  more  prominent  question  than  here- 
tofore; consequently  investigations  have  been  under  way 
bearing  upon  the  possibility  of  producing  sugar  beet  seed 
in  California.  Promising  results  have  been  obtained.  A 
large  quantity  of  sugar  beet  mothers,  or  stechlings,  has 
been  obtained  and  trial  plantings  have  been  made  at  Los 
Alamitos,  Oxnard,  Arlington,  Riverside,  San  Jacinto,  Yic- 
torville,  and  Bishop. 

Potato  Production 

During  the  winter  of  1917,  several  conferences  were 
held  upon  the  outlook  for  potatoes  during  the  approaching 
3'ear.  It  was  deemed  inadvisable  to  undertake  any  cam- 
paign for  increasing  the  acreage  of  potatoes  since  it  seemed 
probable  that  the  high  prices  then  ruling  and  the  general 
agitation  for  planting  in  home  gardens  w^oulcl  cause  the 
supply  to  be  maintained.  As  was  anticipated,  a  sufficient 
supply  of  potatoes  was  produced  to  meet  existing  needs  and 
in  some  localities  an  overproduction  was  apparent.  Steps 
are  now  being  taken  to  promote  the  production  of  potatoes 
during  the  season  of  1918,  since  there  is  some  danger  of  a 
reduced  acreage  due  to  relatively  low  prices  which  have 
ruled  during  the  last  few  months. 

Nutrition  Studies 
The  war  has  occasioned,  through  the  use  of  food  substi- 
tutes, new  demands  upon  the  Division  of  Nutrition.  Anal- 
yses have  been  made  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Federal  Food 
Administration  of  California  of  burro  meat,  Belgian  hares, 
bolted  flour  from  grain  sorghums  and  other  meals  offered 
as  wheat  substitutes,  including  barley  flour  and  barley 
breakfast  foods.  Nutrition  surveys  of  all  state  institutions 
have  been  made  for  the  purpose  of  revising  and  regulating 
diets  to  conform  to  the  policy  of  the  United  States  Food 


82  UNirESSITY  OF  CALIFOEXIA 

Administration.  These  surveys  cover  a  population  approx- 
imating 20,000.  Every  state  institution  is  now  using  some 
preparation  such  as  Diamalt  in  bread  making,  in  place  of 
sugar,  without  impairing  the  quality  of  the  bread  pro- 
duced. 

Feedstiiffs  for  Live  Stock 

The  incentive  to  adulterate  feedstuffs  has  been  brought 
about  through  their  greatly  increased  cost.  Examination 
of  a  large  number  of  these  adulterated  feedstuffs  has  been 
made  by  the  Division  of  Nutrition,  thus  preventing  pro- 
ducers from  being  defrauded.  Fifty  individual  studies  of 
new  feedstuffs,  some  of  them  involving  several  analyses, 
have  been  made,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  by- 
products of  barley  flour,  condensed  whey,  peanut  by- 
products, raisin  seed,  0.  C.  Meal,  spinach  stalks,  salt  bush 
seed,  water  grass  seed,  artichoke  silage,  beet  top  silage,  bean 
straw  silage,  Egyption  corn  bran  and  middlings,  buck- 
wheat by-products,  tree  moss,  liquid  garbage,  and  tule 
grass.  A  circular  on  minor  feedstuffs  for  domestic  animals 
has  been  published. ^^ 

Although  not  a  product  of  wide  commercial  impor- 
tance, it  has  been  found  that  buckej'es  may  be  used  for 
poultry  and  hog  foods  where  occurring  in  sufficient  abun- 
dance to  warrant.  By  a  simple  process  the  bitter  principle 
of  the  buckeye  can  be  eliminated.  This  method  consists  in 
soaking  in  a  solution  of  1  per  cent  lye  over  night.  The 
produce  is  afterwards  thoroughly  washed,  dried  and 
ground.  Good  results  with  poultry-  have  been  obtained 
when  the  processed  material  constituted  25  per  cent  of 
the  mash  ration. 

Production  of  Wool 

A  campaign  lias  been  conducted  to  increase  the  rearing 
of  farm  flocks  and  to  lessen  the  heavy  losses  of  newly  born 
Iambs  on  the  ranges.     To  this  end  an  extended  survey  of 

18  Woll,  F.  W.,  Feeding  Stuffs  of  Minor  Importance,  ibid.,  Circ. 
167. 


WAR  SEBVICE  EECOED,  1917-18  83 

sheep  ranges  of  the  state  and  a  close  study  of  the  methods 
of  handling  sheep  at  lambing  time  were  made  by  R.  F. 
Miller,  Assistant  Professor  of  Animal  Husbandry.  A  plan 
for  a  lambing  shed  was  prepared  and  has  been  widely  dis- 
tributed.-" A  demonstration  has  been  made  at  University 
Farm,  Davis,  which  shows  that  old  ewes  with  broken-down 
mouths  may  be  transferred  from  the  ranges  to  valley 
ranches,  thereb}^  increasing  materially  the  amount  of  wool 
and  mutton  produced  in  California. 

Pork  Production 

In  order  to  promote  the  production  of  hogs,  repre- 
sentative animals  from  experimental  lots  which  had  been 
fed  to  determine  the  comparative  economy  of  heavy  and 
light  grain  rations  on  pastures,  were  exhibited  at  the  vari- 
ous hog  raising  centers  of  the  state.  These  meetings  were 
attended  by  one  hundred  and  fifty-five  persons.  Great 
interest  was  created  and  lively  discussions  of  feeding 
methods  resulted. 

Poultry  Production 

The  College  of  Agriculture  has  been  cooperating  with 
the  Federal  Food  Administration  of  California  and  the 
Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  in  a  study  of  the  production  and  marketing 
of  poultry.  In  various  ways,  such  as  the  publication  of 
circulars,  personal  addresses,  use  of  lantern  slides  and 
personal  visitations  by  women  home  demonstrators,  the 
College  of  Agriculture  has  sought  to  extend  poultry  rais- 
ing to  farms  and  regions  where  foods  can  be  cheaply  grown, 
and  to  stimulate  the  practice  of  keeping  a  limited  number 
of  chickens  in  city  backyards  for  the  purpose  of  utilizing 
garbage.  Seventy  sets  of  blueprints  and  specifications  for 
farm  poultry  houses  and  backj^ard  poultry  houses,  designed 
by  the  College  of  Agriculture,  have  been  sent  out.  The 
use  of  potatoes,  barley,  rice  and  rice  products  has  been 


20  Miller,  E.  F.,  and  Fermery,  G.  E.,  Lambing  Sheds,  Circ.  188. 


84  UNIVESSITT  OF  CALIFOENIA 

stimulated  by  investigations  of  the  Division  of  Poultry 
Husbandry  with  a  view  to  reducing  the  use  of  wheat.  In 
addition  to  the  usual  short  courses  given  at  Davis  and  in 
southern  California,  a  special  course  of  instruction  was 
given'  to  the  ten  women  demonstrators,  February  11  to  15, 
1918,  inclusive,  and  another  was  given  April  3  to  May  3, 
1918,  inclusive,  as  a  part  of  the  Emergency  Summer  Course 
held  at  the  Universitj^  Farm,  to  prepare  teachers  of  agri- 
culture in  the  high  schools  in  accordance  with  the  Smith- 
Hughes  Act. 

Dairy  Products 

It  has  been  shown  that  the  amount  of  protein  in  skim 
milk  equals  that  in  the  beef  consumed  in  the  United  States. 
The  Dairy  Industrj^  Division  of  the  College,  at  the  request 
of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  has 
sought  to  promote  the  more  extensive  use  of  cottage  cheese, 
thus  using  skim  milk  which  would  otherwise  be  put  to  a 
less  important  purpose,  such  as  the  making  of  casein  foi* 
sizing  paper.  In  furtherance  of  this  plan,  a  special  course 
in  cottage  cheese  making  was  given.  A  course  of  instruc- 
tion has  been  outlined  with  a  view  to  preparing  women  t.o 
fill  positions  as  milk  and  cream  testers  in  dairy  establish- 
ments now  employing  men  for  this  work. 

Short  Courses  for  Women 

Since  May  15,  1918,  the  College  of  Agriculture  has  estab- 
lished and  conducted  two  courses  for  women,  of  four  weeks' 
duration  each,  the  object  being  to  develop  leaders  for 
groups  of  women  agricultural  workers  in  the  state.  These 
courses  were  held  at  the  University  Farm  at  Davis.  In 
addition,  at  the  request  of  the  "Woman's  Land  Army  of 
America,  the  College  of  Agriculture  has  conducted  a  special 
class  for  women  machine  milkers  at  the  Universitv  Farm. 


WAE  SERVICE  EECOED,  1917-18  85 

DEPAETMENT  OF  BOTANY 

The  Department  of  Botany  has  devoted  considerable 
time  and  has  expended  a  certain  portion  of  its  appropria- 
tions for  war  work,  particularly  as  approved  by  the  Pacific 
Coast  Research  Conference  in  connection  with  the  State 
Council  of  Defense.  An  appropriation  of  $700  has  been 
received  from  the  Council  and  has  been  expended  on  inves- 
tigations of  the  possibilities  of  a  supply  of  rubber  from 
native  plants.  This  work  has  been  carried  out  by  H.  M. 
Hall,  Associate  Professor  of  Economic  Botany,  and  T.  H. 
Goodspeed,  Assistant  Professor  of  Botany.  Their  prelim- 
inary report  has  been  published  in  Science  of  May  10,  1918 
(vol.  47,  no.  1219,  pp.  452-454)  under  the  title,  "An  Emer- 
gency Supply  of  Rubber." 

The  plants  investigated  belong  to  Chrysothamniis  and 
related  genera.  There  is  no  well  established  common  name 
for  the  plants  but  they  are  included  in  the  general  category 
of  "rabbit-brush."  They  are  sometimes  also  known  as 
"golden  brush."  These  are  large  plants  which  grow  in 
abundance  on  the  desert  area  and  in  the  Great  Basin  gen- 
erally. It  has  been  found  that  some  of  the  species  carry 
10  per  cent  rubber.  However,  those  which  are  sufficiently 
common  to  make  their  utilization  possible  carry  not  more 
than  5  per  cent. 

This  is  not  sufficient  to  be  of  interest  commercially 
with  rubber  at  its  present  price.  If,  however,  the  impor- 
tations of  raw  rubber  should  be  curtailed  through  enemy 
action,  this  emergency  supply  existing  within  the  border 
of  the  continental  United  States  could  be  drawn  upon. 
While  there  is  not  enough  to  supply  the  need  for  even  a 
single  year,  the  total  amount  nevertheless  would  be  con- 
siderable. The  rubber  obtained  from  these  plants  is  of 
good  quality,  though  not  equalling  the  quality  of  the  best 
imported  Para.  The  study  is  to  be  continued  in  order 
more  definitely  to  locate  the  supply  of  the  shrub  and  to 
work  out  various  problems  in  connection  with  harvesting. 


86  UXIVESSITY  OF  CALIFOSNIA 

Other  minor  matters  under  consideration  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Botany,  either  separately  or  in  conjunction  with 
other  departments,  have  reference  to  unused  food  plants 
either  for  human  beings  or  domestic  animals,  such  as  the 
buckej^e,  in  particular,  or  for  use  in  industries  or  scientific 
research,  such  as  the  economic  value  of  certain  seaweeds, 
particularly  as  substitutes  for  agar. 

W.  A.  Setchell,  Professor  of  Botan}-,  is  a  member  of  the 
subcommittee  on  Botanical  Investigations  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  Research  Conference.  W.  L.  Jepson,  Associate  Pro- 
fessor of  Dendrology,  is  a  member  of  the  State  Council  of 
Defense. 


WAR  SERVICE  RECORD,  1917-18  87 

DEPARTMENT  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING 

Beginning  with  the  academic  year  1918-19,  the  Civil 
Engineering  College  will  administer  a  four  years'  curricu- 
lum in  Military  Engineering  leading  to  the  degree  of  Bach- 
elor of  Science  in  Civil  Engineering.  This  course  of  study 
is  designed  to  prepare  students  for  admission  to  the  Corps 
of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  by  competitive  exam- 
ination under  the  rules  of  the  War  Department. 

C.  G.  Hyde,  Professor  of  Sanitary  Engineering,  was  a 
member  of  the  Engineering  Commission  (G.  A.  Elliott, 
Chairman,  Professor  C.  D.  Marx  of  Stanford  University, 
the  third  member)  appointed  by  Colonel  I.  W.  Luttle  in 
charge  of  Cantonment  Division,  to  design  sanitary  works 
for  Camp  Fremont,  Menlo  Park,  California.  Professor 
Hyde  is  now  a  Captain  in  the  Sanitary  Corps. 

A.  C.  Alvarez,  Assistant  Professor  of  Civil  Engineering, 
is  assistant  to  the  Manager  of  the  University  Military 
Bureau. 

A.  J.  Eddy,  Assistant  Professor  of  Civil  Engineering, 
is  Captain  in  the  Coast  Artillery,  stationed  at  the  San 
Francisco  Presidio. 

C.  T.  Wiskocil,  Assistant  Professor  of  Civil  Engineer- 
ing, under  the  direction  of  Charles  Derleth,  Jr.,  Professor 
of  Civil  Engineering  and  Dean  of  the  College  of  Civil 
Engineering,  and  assisted  by  J.  R.  Shields,  Engineer  in 
Testing  Laboratory,  conducted  250  individual  tests  on  air- 
plane materials  during  the  year  in  the  presence  of  govern- 
ment inspectors.  Professor  Wiskocil  left  for  Washington 
May  15,  to  assist  in  the  study  of  concrete  ship  construction. 
He  was  employed  throughout  the  summer  by  the  United 
States  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  Concrete  Ship  Con- 
struction Department. 

E.  D.  Hayward,  Instructor  in  Civil  Engineering,  is 
Second  Lieutenant  in  the  Sanitary  Corps,  stationed  at 
Camp  Fremont. 


88  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Principally  under  Valdemar  Arntzen,  Expert  Mechanic 
in  Civil  Engineering  Laboratory,  the  Civil  Engineering 
Department  during  1917-18,  cooperating  with  the  Depart- 
ment of  Astronomy,  assisted  in  designing  and  perfecting 
range  finders  for  Captain  Dinsmore  Alter,  C.  A.  R.  C, 
formerly  an  instructor  in  the  Department  of  Astronomy. 
From  Januarj^  to  April,  1918,  Mr.  Arntzen  and  his 
assistants  constructed  numerous  pieces  of  apparatus  for 
Captain  Stratton,  formerly  Professor  of  Psj^chology,  and 
now  in  the  United  States  Signal  Corps.  This  equipment, 
to  be  used  in  the  Aviation  Schools  at  San  Diego  and  at 
Kelly  Field,  Texas,  consists  of  a  set  of  three  tambours,  one 
pneumograph  tube,  one  hand  steadiness  apparatus,  one 
tilting  chair  and  one  reaction  time  apparatus.  The  equip- 
ment was  made  in  cooperation  with  the  Department  of 
Psychology. 


WAR  SEEVICE  EECOED,  1917-18  89 

DEPAKTMENT  OF  CHEMISTRY 

Upon  the  outbreak  of  the  war  the  Department  of 
Chemistry  held  a  meeting  at  which  the  instructors  and 
students,  both  graduate  and  undergraduate,  signed  a  pledge 
to  work  on  any  problem  that  might  be  assigned  to  them. 
Forty  men  were  thus  enrolled  to  devote  their  time  to 
research  and  other  work  necessary  to  the  prosecution  of 
the  war.  The  character  of  the  tasks  was  varied :  some  were 
submitted  by  the  National  Council  of  Defense,  some  came 
from  the  state,  some  from  chemical  manufacturers  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  some  were  suggested  by  members  of  the  staff 
as  timely  or  of  value  to  California,  either  by  virtue  of  its 
natural  resources  or  its  needs.  A  number  of  the  men  of 
the  department  have  devoted  a  large  part  of  their  time  to 
this  work,  some  of  them  giving  twelve  to  sixteen  hours  a 
day.  A  large  measure  of  success  has  been  attained  in  many 
cases. 

While  the  problems  submitted  by  the  National  Council 
of  Defense  must  for  the  present  be  kept  secret,  not  all  of 
the  investigations  are  of  a  secret  nature.  For  example,  the 
investigation  of  potash  has  been  a  subject  of  importance. 
As  a  fertilizer,  potash  is  indispensable.  AVhile  California 
soils  may  not  as  yet  be  in  great  need  of  this  chemical,  large 
quantities  are  used  in  the  East.  Prior  to  April,  1917, 
nearly  half  a  million  tons  were  imported.  Only  a  small 
amount  was  made  in  this  country.  At  present  200,000  tons 
are  produced  in  the  United  States,  with  California  in  the 
front  of  the  industry. 

Long  before  the  war  there  was  a  small  production  of 
potash  made  from  seaweed.  At  first  the  drift  seaweed  was 
collected  from  the  beaches,  dried  and  burned,  and  the  ash 
containing  a  small  per  cent  of  potash  was  sold  as  a  ferti- 
lizer. Later  this  industry  developed  on  a  greatly  increased 
scale,  and  at  this  writing  many  corporations  maintain  large 
factories.  It  was  soon  found,  however,  tliat  the  drift  sea- 
weed W'Ould  not  suffice  for  the  greater  demands,  and  com- 


90  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

plicated  and  ingeniously  contrived  machines  were  used  to 
harvest  the  seaweed  from  the  kelp  beds  in  the  ocean.  Elab- 
orate and  extensive  plants  were  erected  to  work  up  this 
seaweed  into  various  products,  for  the  industry  had  ex- 
panded beyond  the  making  of  potash.  Bromine,  iodine, 
various  organic  bodies,  such  as  acetone,  butyric  and  pro- 
pionic acids,  were  all  made  in  large  quantities  from  the 
seaweed;  much  of  this  work  was  done  by  graduates  of 
the  Chemical  Department,  in  and  outside  the  laboratories 
of  the  University  of  California. 

Other  sources  of  potash  are  the  saline  lakes  and  de- 
posits in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state,  mainly  in  San 
Bernardino  and  Inyo  counties.  Considerable  capital  has 
been  invested  in  some  of  these  enterprises  and  the  produc- 
tion of  potash  from  these  sources  has  reached  large  pro- 
portions. Just  as  in  the  case  of  seaweed,  other  products 
in  addition  to  potash  are  obtained  from  these  lakes  and 
deposits,  among  them  being  salt,  carbonate  of  sodium,  sul- 
phate of  sodium,  chloride  and  sulphate  of  magnesium,  borax 
and  boracic  acid,  and  other  bodies.  In  these  instances, 
also,  the  laboratory  of  the  Department  of  Chemistry  has 
been  of  real  service. 

The  ocean  offers  the  same  type  of  problems  as  do  the 
saline  lakes.  Potash  is  a  constituent  of  the  ocean  water  as 
are  nearly  all  other  known  salts.  One  of  the  questions 
taken  up  recently  in  the  laboratory  of  the  department  was 
the  separation  of  potash  salts  from  ocean  water.  For  sev- 
eral months  this  -work  has  engaged  the  attention  of  a  num- 
ber of  instructors  and  students  who  have  studied  the  matter 
in  both  a  theoretical  and  practical  way.  The  largest  source 
of  potash,  of  course,  is  the  ocean,  but  the  difficulties  of  sep- 
arating the  other  constituents  of  sea  water  offer  many  a 
baffling  problem  to  the  chemists  of  America. 

In  some  cases  nature  has  solved  the  difficulties,  and  it 
is  for  this  reason  that  hitherto  the  Germans  have  had  a 
monopoly  of  the  potash  industry.  Ages  ago  a  part  of  the 
ocean  was  confined  near  Stassfurt,  and  processes  of  frac- 


WAE  SERVICE  BECOBD,  1917-18  91 

tional  crystallization  went  on,  separating  the  salts  formerly 
in  solution  into  solid  beds  of  relatively  pure  materials. 
Attempts  have  been  made  to  reproduce  these  conditions  by 
varying  the  rate  and  character  of  evaporation  of  sea  water 
to  obtain  the  various  salts,  potash,  magnesium,  etc.,  in  a 
similar  condition  of  purity.  Some  practical  results  have 
been  obtained  and  considerable  quantities  of  potash  and 
magnesium  are  being  manufactured  by  some  of  the  salt 
companies  on  San  Francisco  Bay. 

A  number  of  years  ago,  one  of  the  former  students  of 
the  Department  of  Chemistry,  then  instructor,  devised  a 
process  for  dissipating  fogs  and  mists  hj  means  of  a  high 
tension  electric  discharge.  This  process,  first  used  for 
cleaning  the  air  of  acid  particles  that  were  a  nuisance 
and  money  loss  in  various  acid  factories  and  metallurgical 
works,  then  extended  to  purifj-ing  air  of  dust  and  other 
small  particles,  has  become  one  of  the  most  important 
industrial  processes,  and  is  used  all  over  the  world.  It  was 
installed  by  another  of  the  graduates  of  the  University  of 
California  at  a  cement  factory  at  Riverside  to  eliminate  the 
dust.  Wlien  examined  the  dust  was  found  to  contain  pot- 
ash ;  a  method  was  developed  to  collect  it,  and  now  it  is 
used  all  over  the  United  States  for  this  purpose.  Already 
it  has  changed  the  character  of  some  of  the  cement  mills — 
potash  is  now  the  main  source  of  profit,  and  the  cement 
merely  a  by-product. 

Other  sources  of  potash  are  rocks,  minerals,  and  ashes 
of  plants.  From  the  last  named  source  small  amounts  of 
potash  are  obtained  by  a  simple  proces  sof  lixiviation. 

Another  set  of  problems  studied  in  the  department's 
laboratory  pertains  to  the  production  of  cyanides.  While 
cyanides  of  potassium  and  sodium  are  used  to  a  consider- 
able extent  in  California  as  insecticides  and  in  the  metal- 
lurgical industries,  none  has  been  made  in  the  state.  New 
methods  of  production  promise  to  be  of  great  value  in  con- 
verting certain  raw  materials  into  cyanide.  Closely  related 
to  this  aspect  of  the  war  work  of  the  Chemistry  Department 


92  UNIFEBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

is  the  question  of  producing  cyanimide,  a  derivative  of 
cyanogen  and  ammonia,  a  chemical  made  in  enormous  quan- 
tities in  Europe  for  use  as  a  fertilizer.  Some  of  the  earliest 
work  on  this  material  was  done  in  the  department's  labora- 
tory, where  the  conditions  necessary  for  its  preparation 
were  ascertained. 

Other  electrochemical  products  of  importance  studied 
in  the  departments  are  caustic  soda,  chlorine  and  various 
chlorine  derivatives,  steel,  various  ferroalloys,  such  as  ferro- 
chrome,  ferromanganese,  ferrosilicon,  magnesium,  copper, 
and  zinc.  Graduates  of  the  University  have  been  connected 
with  the  development  of  each  of  these  industries. 

Under  the  stimulus  of  the  war,  the  manufacture  of 
another  class  of  chemicals,  all  of  considerable  technical 
importance,  has  been  begun  in  this  state  by  the  depart- 
ment's graduates.  This  class  includes  organic  prepara- 
tions, such  as  anilin  colors,  benzoic  acid,  metol,  saccharin, 
and  phthalic  anhydrids.  Previously  most  of  them  were 
imported  from  Europe ;  now  many  of  them  are  made  in 
our  own  state. 

Two  of  the  University's  graduates  have  devised  methods 
for  the  synthetic  preparation  of  important  organic  com- 
pounds. One  has  succeeded  in  making  glycerine  from 
sugar;  another  in  preparing  tartaric  acid  from  starch. 
Both  of  tliese  bodies  are  relatively  expensive  substances. 
Glycerine  has  heretofore  been  prepared  from  fats ;  tartaric 
acid,  from  grapes.  The  synthetic  methods  produce  them 
from  relatively  cheap  materials,  viz.,  starch  and  sugar. 
Inasmucli  as  sugar  can  be  made  from  starch,  the  impor- 
tance of  these  processes  is  self-evident. 

California  petroleum  offers  another  fruitful  field  for 
chemical  investigations.  The  use  of  this  material  for  the 
manufacture  of  gasoline,  kerosene,  lubricating  oil,  and 
asphaltum  is  familiar  to  every  one,  but  the  employment  of 
petroleum  as  a  source  of  raw  material  for  the  manufacture 
of  chemical  products  is  not  so  apparent.  Without  writing 
in  detail  it  may  be  pertinent  to  mention  toluol,  the  starting 


WAE  SERVICE  EECOED,  1917-18  93 

point  of  trinitrotoluol,  one  of  the  most  important  explosive 
materials  in  the  present  war.  Other  problems  that  have 
been  worked  on  in  connection  with  petroleum  are  methods 
for  increasing  the  amount  and  quality  of  the  gasoline  and 
kerosene  fractions  and  for  improving  the  character  of  the 
lubricants.  All  are  of  great  importance  in  the  present 
crisis. 

The  disposal  of  wood  waste  affords  another  field  for 
research.  In  California  most  of  the  wood  waste  is  burned 
in  order  to  get  rid  of  it,  although  in  a  few  cases  potash  is 
obtained  from  the  ashes.  At  various  times  wood  distillation 
plants  have  been  erected,  usually  on  a  small  scale.  At- 
tempts have  been  made  to  convert  this  material  into  alcohol 
and  other  products.  The  character  of  the  products  varies 
greatly  with  the  variety  of  wood  employed.  One  of  Cali- 
fornia's graduates  has  shown  that  the  stumps  of  the  red- 
wood yield  relatively  large  amounts  of  phenol,  or  carbolic 
acid,  of  an  unusual  degree  of  purity.  It  is  from  this  sub- 
stance that  many  of  the  high  explosives  are  made ;  lyddite, 
melinite,  ecrasite,  shimosite  are  all  derivatives  of  phenol. 

Many  experiments  have  been  made  in  the  laboratory 
of  the  department  on  the  numerous  trees  and  shrubs  in- 
digenous to  California,  and  new  chemical  products  of  the 
most  varied  nature  have  been  extracted.  Oils,  waxes,  tan- 
ning materials,  substitutes  for  rubber,  alkaloids  and  other 
drugs,  coloring  matters  that  can  be  used  for  dyes,  and 
numerous  other  materials  have  been  separated  and  their 
properties  studied. 

The  manufacture  of  essential  oils  from  native  and  culti- 
vated plants  offers  a  large  field  for  research.  Various 
investigations  in  this  area  have  been  carried  out  in  the 
laboratory  of  the  department  and  some  industries  of  this 
nature  have  been  established  under  the  direction  of  Univer- 
sity of  California  graduates. 

The  above  resume  indicates  briefly  the  character  of  the 
problems  that  the  Department  of  Chemistry  has  been 
endeavoring  to  solve.     In   addition,   it  has   attempted  to 


94  UNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

compile  a  list  of  the  chemical  industries  of  the  state  with 
a  view  to  obtaining  data  for  assisting  the  technical  men  in 
their  problems.  An  extensive  correspondence  is  conducted. 
Advice  is  given  to  inquiring  visitors  who  ask  for  infor- 
mation or  assistance.  Some  of  these  questions  entail  con- 
siderable research,  but  it  is  always  the  endeavor  of  the 
department  to  be  of  assistance  to  the  citizens  of  the  state 
and  to  help  them  in  every  way  possible. 

The  difficulties  of  the  work  have  been  increased  by 
the  inability  to  obtain  necessary  apparatus  and  supplies. 
Many  of  these  materials  were  made  in  Germany,  and  it  is 
only  recentl}"  that  the  American  manufacturers  have  been 
able  to  supply  the  demand.  Added  to  this  was  the  greatly 
increased  cost  of  supplies  that  were  obtainable.  The  Cali- 
fornia State  Council  of  Defense  came  generously  to  the  aid 
of  the  department.  Without  their  assistance  it  probably 
would  have  been  impossible  to  carry  out  the  programme. 
Another  handicap  lay  in  the  fact  that  a  large  proportion 
of  the  staff  had  left  for  the  national  service,  greatly  increas- 
ing the  burden  of  those  who  remained.  But  each  man  has 
done  his  duty,  has  speeded  up  as  much  as  possible,  has 
worked  longer  hours,  has  done  his  work  in  the  face  of  great 
difficulties,  and  has  not  become  discouraged  or  apathetic. 

From  an  original  number  of  forty-five,  the  Department 
of  Chemistry  has  contributed  more  than  a  score  of  members 
of  its  staff  of  instruction  to  the  military  and  other  branches 
of  the  government  during  the  war  emergency.  Their 
names  will  be  found  listed  in  another  portion  of  the  War 
Record. 

Gilbert  N.  Lewis,  Professor  of  Physical  Chemistry  and 
Dean  of  the  College  of  Chemistry,  has  been  commissioned 
Major  in  the  Gas  Service  of  the  United  States  Army,  in 
France. 

Edmond  O'Neill,  Professor  of  Inorganic  Chemistry, 
Director  of  the  Chemical  Laboratory,  and  Acting  Dean 
of  the  College  of  Chemistry,  is  Director  of  the  Naval  Con- 


WAB  SERVICE  EECOED,  1917-18  95 

sultation  Board  of  California,  and  is  also  engaged  in  chem- 
ical investigations  for  the  State  Council  of  Defense. 

W.  C.  Bray,  Associate  Professor  of  Chemistry,  is  a 
member  of  the  subcommittee  on  Inorganic  Chemistry  of  the 
National  Research  Council. 

J.  H,  Hildebrand,  Associate  Professor  of  Chemistr}-,  is 
Captain  in  the  Ordnance  Department. 

Merle  Randall,  Assistant  Professor  of  Chemistry,  is  a 
member  of  the  subcommittee  on  Inorganic  Chemistry  of 
the  National  Research  Council. 

G.  E.  Gibson,  Instructor  in  Chemistry,  is  engaged  in 
chemical  research  for  the  National  and  State  Councils  of 
Defense. 

W.  L.  Argo,  Instructor  in  Chemistry,  is  with  the  Bureau 
of  Mines. 

G.  E.  K.  Branch,  Instructor  in  Chemistry,  is  with  the 
50th  Gordon  Highlanders,  Canadian  Army. 

R.  F.  Newton,  Assistant  in  Chemistry,  is  with  the  Field 
Artillery. 

T.  P.  Stewart,  Instructor  in  Chemistry,  is  First  Lieu- 
tenant, Chemical  Service  Department. 


96  UNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


DEPAETMENT  OF  ECONOMICS 

In  October,  1917,  the  Department  of  Economics  first 
gave  tangible  evidence  of  its  ability  to  aid  the  government 
in  war  work.  At  that  time  the  Labor  Adjustment  Board, 
investigating  the  strike  then  paralyzing  shipbuilding,  in- 
vited C.  C.  Plehn,  Professor  of  Finance  on  the  Flood 
Foundation,  H.  R.  Hatfield,  Professor  of  Accounting  on 
the  Flood  Foundation,  Jessica  B.  Peixotto,  Professor  of 
Social  Economics,  and  F.  R.  Macaulay,  Instructor  in  Eco- 
nomics, to  its  conference,  with  the  result  that  Mr.  Macauley 
presented  an  index  to  the  board  showing  the  increase  of 
the  cost  of  living  in  this  district.  I.  B.  Cross,  Associate 
Professor  of  Economics  on  the  Flood  Foundation,  later 
conducted  for  the  Board  a  detailed  inquiry  on  the  cost  of 
living  between  October  1,  1917,  and  March  1,  1918.  In  this 
work  he  was  assisted  b}^  Felix  Fluegel,  and  G.  F.  Mitch, 
both  Assistants  in  Economics. 

In  Februarj^  1918,  Professor  Hatfield,  aided  by  Pro- 
fessor Cross,  Mr.  Macaulay,  E.  A.  Kincaid,  Instructor  in 
Economics,  and  Mr.  Fluegel,  prepared  a  report  for  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board  on  the  labor  conditions, 
possible  output,  etc.,  of  the  California  shipbuilding  plants. 
The  Shipping  Board  characterized  the  work  as  "an  inval- 
uable service  to  the  Government  in  carrying  out  its  ship- 
building programme."  Since  that  time  Professor  Cross 
has  been  in  constant  touch  with  the  largest  shipbuilding 
plants  and  some  of  the  unions  in  connection  wath  the  ship- 
building problems. 

At  the  suggestion  of  the  Ordnance  Department  in  Wash- 
ington, the  Department  of  Economics  has  conducted  four 
ordnance  training  schools,  the  purpose  being  to  give  pre- 
liminary training  to  men  who  are  expected  ultimately  to 
reach  the  grades  of  non-commissioned,  and  in  some  cases, 
of  commissioned  officers  in  the  Ordnance  Service.  The 
course  of  study  at  Berkeley  covered  tlie  principles  of  stores- 
keeping,  calculating  methods  of  accountino',  militarr  organ- 


WAE  SERVICE  BECOBB,  1917-18  97 

ization,  military  correspondence,  military  law  and  military 
courtesy.  One  hour  a  day  was  devoted  to  drill.  The  time 
allotted  for  the  course  was  six  weeks.  Those  in  charge  were 
Professor  Hatfield,  Stuart  Daggett,  Professor  of  Railway 
Economics  on  the  Flood  Foundation,  Mr.  Macanlay,  C.  C. 
Staehling,  Instructor  in  Accounting,  and  Dr.  H.  B.  Drury. 

Professors  Hatfield  and  Daggett  are  members  of  the 
Subcommittee  on  Economics  of  the  State  Council  of  De- 
fense. This  committee  has  published  a  report  on  "The 
Relation  of  State  Banks  to  the  Federal  Reserve  System," 
dealing  with  the  necessity  of  concentrating  credit  facilities 
during  the  war.  Professor  Daggett  also  spent  several 
months  in  preparing  a  report  to  the  State  Council  of  De- 
fense on  ' '  The  Iron  and  Steel  Industry  about  San  Francisco 
Bay  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Available  Supply  of 
Raw  Material. ' ' 

Professor  Plehn  has  been  a  member  of  the  Second  and 
Third  Liberty  Loan  committees  of  Berkeley  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  California.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Joint  Con- 
ference of  the  Western  Economic  Society  and  the  City  Club 
of  Chicago,  held  in  Chicago,  June,  1917,  to  discuss  the 
"Financial  Mobilization  for  "War."  He  was  also  a  delegate 
from  California  b}^  appointment  of  the  Governor  of  Califor- 
nia to  the  Congress  of  States  to  discuss  the  ' '  Coordination 
of  Federal  and  State  Taxation,"  held  in  Atlanta,  Georgia, 
October,  1917,  and  called  with  the  official  sanction  of  Presi- 
dent Wilson.  He  prepared  a  paper  on  "War  Finance" 
read  before  the  Commonwealth  Club  of  San  Francisco  and 
published  in  the  Transactions  of  that  body ;  and  also  a  pam- 
phlet on  ' '  War  Finance  in  Great  Britain,  France,  Germany 
and  the  United  States,"  written  at  the  request  of  the  San 
Francisco  Patriotic  Liberty  Loan  Committee  of  1000  and 
used  as  part  of  its  propaganda  for  the  Third  Liberty  Loan. 

Professor  Daggett  and  Mr.  Macanlay  have  served  as 
assistants  to  the  Berkeley  Exemption  Board,  No.  1,  while 
Professor  Cross  is  one  of  Berkeley's  Four  Minute  Men. 


98  VNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFOSNIA 

C.  E.  Brooks,  Assistant  Professor  of  Insurance,  has 
served  as  Actuary  and  Advisor  to  the  United  States  Bureau 
of  War  Risk  Insurance,  preparing  various  bulletins,  deter- 
mining questions  of  policy  and  interpreting  the  Soldiers' 
Insurance  law. 

Professor  Peixotto  is  a  member  of  the  Subcommittee  on 
Women  in  Industry  of  the  National  Council  of  Defense 
and  also  a  member  of  the  same  committee  of  the  State 
Council  of  Defense.  During  the  first  half-year  of  1918  she 
was  on  leave  of  absence  from  the  University  as  Executive 
Chairman  of  the  Child  Warfare  Department  of  the 
Women's  Committee  of  the  National  Council  of  Defense. 
During  the  first  semester  Professor  Peixotto  and  Miss  Lucy 
W.  Stcbbins,  Associate  Professor  of  Social  Economy,  con- 
ducted a  Red  Cross  Training  School  for  Home  Service  at 
the  University,  in  which  work  they  were  assisted  by  Pro- 
fessor Cross  and  Mr.  Macaulay.  During  the  second  semes- 
ter a  similar  school  was  conducted  in  San  Francisco  under 
the  direction  of  Solomon  Blum,  Associate  Professor  of 
Economics,  and  Dr.  Louise  Morrow,  Assistant  in  Social 
Economics.  Professor  Stebbins  is  a  member  of  the  Home 
Service  Committee  of  the  Berkeley  Branch  of  the  Red 
Cross,  of  the  University  Auxiliary  of  the  Red  Cross,  of 
the  Advisory  Board  of  the  Women's  Land  Army  and  of 
the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Berkeley  Chapter  of  the 
Red  Cross.  She  is  also  one  of  the  traveling  lecturers  on 
Home  Service  authorized  by  the  National  Red  Cross  Com- 
mittee. 

Lincoln  Hutchinson,  Professor  of  Commerce  on  the 
Flood  Foundation,  is  in  Washington  acting  as  Head  of  the 
Export  Division  of  the  War  Trade  Board.  H.  S.  Shuey, 
Lecturer  in  Economics,  has  been  a  member  of  the  San 
Francisco  Third  Liberty  Loan  Committee  and  of  various 
Red  Cross  committees.  Professors  Hatfield  and  Daggett 
are  spending  the  summer  in  Washington,  engaged  in  work 
of  the  highest  importance  for  the  War  Industries  Board. 


WAR  SERVICE  RECORD,  1917-18  99 


UNIVERSITY  EXTENSION  DIVISION 

Tlie  Bureau  of  Correspondence  Instruction  of  the 
Extension  Division  has  given  enlisted  men  a  special  reduc- 
tion of  40  per  cent  on  all  fees  in  the  various  courses  and  has 
provided  special  classes  to  meet  the  needs  of  men  in  service. 
The  Extension  Division  has  also  cooperated  with  all  official 
bodies  in  "drives"  about  the  bay  counties  and  in  Los 
Angeles,  and  has  been  of  genuine  assistance  in  providing 
junior  officers  for  the  naval  forces  of  the  country  through 
its  courses  in  Navigation  and  Nautical  Astronomy.^^ 

The  Bureau  of  Lectures  gave  twelve  lectures  in  Los 
Angeles  on  "Problems  Arising  Out  of  the  War."  Similar 
lectures  have  been  given  elsewhere. 

The  Bureau  of  Public  Discussion  has  been  instrumental 
in  directing  the  debating  activities  of  the  high  schools  of 
the  state  upon  war  subjects,  not  only  giving  the  debaters 
special  knowledge  on  international  topics,  but  being  of 
great  educational  value  to  the  thousands  of  persons  who 
have  heard  these  debates. 

The  Bureau  of  Visual  Instruction  has  circulated  stere- 
opticon  slides  and  moving  picture  films  designed  to  inform 
the  public  concerning  war  service  in  the  form  of  liberty 
loans,  etc.  It  has  prepared  and  circulated  throughout  the 
state  a  monthly  lecture  on  current  events  dealing  prin- 
cipally with  war  conditions. 


21  See  report  on  Training  for  U.  S.  Navy  and  Merchant  Marine, 
23. 


100  UNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFOBNIA 

DEPAETMENT  OF  GEOLOGY  AND  MINEEALOGY 

Shortly  after  the  entrance  of  the  United  States  into 
the  war  the  problem  of  the  supply  of  certain  minerals 
essential  to  war  industries  became  very  important.  The 
situation  was  particularly^  serious  because  previously  we 
had  depended  to  a  large  extent  on  importation  from  distant 
lands.  The  war  produced  a  scarcity  of  merchant  ships, 
and  the  demand  for  all  obtainable  ship  tonnage  for  the 
transportation  of  men,  munitions,  food  and  other  war  neces- 
saries to  Europe  became  most  urgent. 

It  was  known  that  California  contained  some  of  these 
important  mineral  substances,  though  before  the  war  little 
had  been  done  to  secure  them  because  they  could  not  be  laid 
down  with  profit  in  the  industrial  centers  in  competition 
with  the  imported  material.  The  extent  of  our  resources 
was  not  even  roughly  known,  nor  was  it  estimated  what 
yearly  contribution  California  could  make  to  the  necessary 
industrial  supply.  Prospectors  and  miners  in  general  were 
not  familiar  with  the  desired  minerals,  their  appearance, 
mode  of  occurrence,  characteristics,  or  the  promising  locali- 
ties for  their  discovery. 

Following  the  appointment  of  G.  D.  Louderback,  Pro- 
fessor of  Geology,  as  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Geol- 
ogy and  Mineral  Resources  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense, 
all  of  his  time  not  demanded  by  necessary  University  duties 
was  given  to  organized  systematic  investigation  of  certain 
California  war  mineral  problems  both  in  the  field  and  in 
the  laboratory.  In  this  work  he  was  aided  by  E.  F.  Davis, 
Instructor  in  Mineralogy  and  Geology,  F.  S.  Hudson, 
Teaching  Fellow  in  Geology  and  Mineralog}^  and  N.  L. 
Taliaferro,  graduate  student. 

The  chief  object  of  investigation  this  year  was  manga- 
nese. Over  one  hundred  mines  and  prospects,  lying  in 
eighteen  counties,  have  been  examined  and  their  nature, 
probable  extent,  origin,  and  availability  investigated.  The 
field  and  laboratory  work  on  this  subject  led  to  definite 


WAR  SERVICE  RECORD,  1917-18  101 

recommendations  to  the  government  boards,  based  on  pos- 
sibilities of  production.  A  brief  paper,  presenting  some 
of  these  conclusions,  was  published  by  the  Mining  and 
Scientific  Press  on  March  30.  There  was  also  prepared  a 
tabular  report  by  countries,  arranged  for  quick  reference 
to  the  various  properties  examined  and  their  most  impor- 
tant characteristics,  and  a  more  extensive  report  on  the 
geology  and  prospective  value  of  these  properties.  The 
latter  reports,  carrying  considerable  confidential  informa- 
tion for  the  use  of  the  government,  have  not  been  published, 
but  copies  have  been  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  appropriate 
government  bureaus  and  boards,  and  of  the  National  Re- 
search Council.  The  department  was  assured  by  them  that 
the  results  and  the  mode  of  presentation  were  very  satis- 
factory and  of  special  value  at  the  present  time. 

A  great  deal  of  energy  has  been  expended  on  work  that 
does  not  lead  to  definite  reports,  but  which  is  believed  to  be 
of  public  value  in  assisting  the  development  of  war  min- 
erals.   Some  of  the  activities  may  be  outlined  as  follows. 

1.  Advising  prospectors  as  to  the  nature  and  value  of 
the  mineral  substances  the.y  have  found.  Hundreds  of 
samples  have  been  examined,  both  in  the  field  and  in  the 
laboratory.  In  addition,  the  prospector  is  advised  which 
minerals  are  worth  following  up,  how  best  to  do  it,  etc. 

2.  Calling  the  attention  of  prospectors  and  others,  by 
letter  and  personal  conference,  to  materials  of  special  value 
in  the  war  industries  that  are  likely  to  occur  in  the  regions 
in  which  they  are  working. 

3.  A  case  of  California  war  minerals  has  been  set  up 
in  the  Geological  Museum,  especially  to  illustrate  to  the 
prospectors,  most  of  whom  are  not  familiar  with  the  war 
minerals,  the  appearance  of  the  different  mineral  types  and 
different  grades  of  ore,  and  of  the  commonly  associated 
rocks.  Descriptive  labels  accompany  the  specimens,  and 
personal  explanation  and  advice  are  often  given  the  vis- 
itors. 


102  UNIFEBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

4.  We  have  sought  to  learn  of  conditions  in  any  part 
of  the  state  that  interfere  with  or  prevent  the  operation 
of  properties,  or  the  marketing  of  products,  with  the  idea 
of  taking  such  steps  as  seem  feasible  to  overcome  or  obviate 
such  conditions.  A  number  of  these  cases  have  been  placed 
in  our  hands,  and  several  have  been  successfully  remedied. 

5.  We  have  sought  to  engage  the  cooperation  of  other 
agencies  in  the  study  of  special  questions  related  to  war 
minerals,  supplying  data  and  samples  to  assist  such  studies. 

6.  We  supply,  in  so  far  as  we  are  able,  information  that 
maj'  be  needed  by  committees,  government  departments,  or 
other  agencies  that  are  seeking  to  solve  scientific,  commer- 
cial, or  administrative  problems  affecting  or  affected  by 
the  mineral  industrj^  Kequests  for  such  information  are 
continually  coming  from  manq  quarters. 

Recently,  plans  have  been  maturing  for  a  more  definite 
basis  of  cooperation  with  the  United  States  Bureau  of 
Mines,  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  and  the  Min- 
ing Department  of  the  University,  with  all  of  which  we 
have  cooperated  in  an  informal  way  during  the  last  year. 

Letters  of  approval  of  the  work  of  the  department  have 
been  received  from  Mr.  S.  Paige,  Acting  Chief  Geologist, 
and  Mr.  G.  0.  Smith,  Director  of  Survey,  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey,  from  Mr.  Edmund  Newton,  in 
charge  of  manganese  investigations  of  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Mines,  and  L.  H.  Duschak,  Superintendent  of 
the  Berkeley  Branch  Station,  and  from  Mr.  Whitman  Cross, 
Vice-Chairman  of  Division  of  Geology  and  Geography,  and 
J.  C.  Merriam,  Chairman  of  Division  of  Geology  and 
Geography  of  the  National  Research  Council. 

A.  C.  Lawson,  Professor  of  Mineralogy  and  Geology, 
and  Dean  of  the  College  of  Mining,  is  a  member  of  the 
Subcommittee  on  Geology  of  the  Pacific  Coast  Research 
Conference. 


WAS  SEEVICE  BECOBD,  1917-18  103 


DEPARTMENT   OF  HOME   ECONOMICS 

Household  Science 

Food  Administration  Work 

During  the  special  term  of  five  weeks,  May  21  to  June 
23,  1917,  two  courses  were  offered  in  the  Household  Science 
Division  of  the  Home  Economics  Department :  the  Red 
Cross  course  in  Home  Dietetics,  by  Josephine  E.  Davis, 
Assistant  Professor  of  Household  Science,  and  Miss  Doris 
Daniels;  and  an  Emergency  Normal  Course  intended  to 
give  volunteer  leaders  of  clubs  and  communities  infor- 
mation and  training  in  methods  of  presentation  of  the 
message  of  food  conservation.  Agnes  F.  Morgan,  Assistant 
Professor  of  Household  Science,  was  in  charge. 

There  were  registered  in  the  Red  Cross  course  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  women,  of  whom  one  hundred  and  twenty 
finished  the  work  and  received  the  Red  Cross  Certificate. 
Several  of  these  young  women  have  since  entered  the  ser- 
vice as  Nurses'  Aids. 

In  the  Emergency  Normal  Course  there  were  registered 
twenty-one  well  qualified  women,  of  whom  seventeen  fin- 
ished the  work.  Most  of  these  women  are  now  active 
directors  of  food  conservation  work  in  their  own  communi- 
ties. 

During  the  Summer  Session  of  1917,  a  popular  dietetics 
course  largely  devoted  to  problems  of  food  conservation 
was  attended  by  fifty  nurses  and  forty-seven  housewives. 

On  Sunday,  July  1,  1917,  a  Half-Hour  Programme  on 
Food  Saving  was  held  in  the  Greek  Theatre,  under  the 
auspices  of  this  division.  Mrs.  R.  O.  Moody,  Mr.  A.  H. 
Naftzfier  and  Professor  Morgan  spoke  to  a  large  audience 
on  various  phases  of  the  subject 


104  UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Food  Experiments  and  Analyses 

During  the  fall  term  of  1917,  Professor  Morgan  and 
Edith  L.  Brown,  Laboratory  Assistant  in  Household 
Science,  made  a  large  number  of  analyses  and  digestibility 
experiments  on  whale  meat  in  the  hope  of  establishing  the 
usefulness  as  human  food  of  this  hitherto  wasted  material. 
The  senior  dietetics  class  cooperated  in  this  endeavor,  as 
well  as  in  a  similar  set  of  experiments  upon  ostrich  meat, 
samples  of  which  were  sent  to  the  department  by  the  Brit- 
ish and  American  Mercantile  Company  of  El  Centro.  A 
bulletin  on  the  results  of  these  experiments  is  contemplated. 

Public  Speaking 

In  October,  Professor  Morgan  met  classes  of  women  in 
Berkeley  and  Oakland  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  them  in 
public  speaking  preparatory^  to  the  Food  Pledge  Drive  of 
the  last  week  of  October.  At  Dean  Stebbins'  request,  the 
housekeepers  for  the  girls'  clubs  and  boarding  houses  met 
during  November  with  Professor  Morgan  to  discuss  ways 
and  means  of  obeying  the  behests  of  the  Pood  Administra- 
tion. 

Since  April,  1917,  all  members  of  the  staff,  as  well  as 
several  of  the  students,  have  given  frequent  talks  and 
demonstrations  before  women's  clubs,  schools,  churches, 
and  other  organizations  in  the  interests  of  food  conser- 
vation. 

War  Emergency  Bulletins 

The  series  of  War  Emergency  Bulletins  was  begun  in 
November,  1917.  The  five  following  have  been  issued  in 
mimeographed  form,  and  about  800  copies  of  each  dis- 
tributed : 

No.  1.     Practical  Hints  on  Food  Conservation.     5  pages. 

No.  2.     Milk,  a  Cheap  Food  at  any  Price.     4  pages. 

No.  3.     The  Honor  Eation.     3  pages. 

No.  4.  Suggestions  for  Instruction  in  Food  Values  through 
Window  Exhibits.     11  pages. 

No.  5.     The  Fuel  Value  of  Food  in  Every  Day  Terms.     7  pages. 


WAIl  SERVICE  BECOBD,  1917-18  lOo 

Dietary  Survey 

The  Home  Economics  Department  has  cooperated  fully 
with  the  National  Dietary  Survey  now  being  carried  out 
b}^  Dr.  C.  F.  Langworthy  of  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture,  four  family  studies,  and  two  group  studies 
having  been  finished  and  sent  in  since  November,  1917. 
Besides  these  a  careful  record  of  consumption  of  food  at 
the  Associated  Women  Students'  Counter  for  three  weeks 
was  kept  by  Miss  Beatrice  Marks,  and  will  be  shortly  for- 
warded to  Washington.  This  record  shows  an  interesting 
reaction  by  the  women  students  following  the  beginning  of 
the  Food  Administration  courses  in  February,  1918. 

Food  Conservation  Courses 

In  February,  1918,  the  following  courses  as  requested 
and  outlined  by  the  Food  Administration,  were  given.  A 
series  of  lectures  on  Food  and  the  War,  given  by  Professor 
Morgan,  covered  a  period  of  twelve  weeks.  The  total  enroll- 
ment was  six  hundred  and  thirty-seven,  of  whom  four  hun- 
dred and  ninety-two  finished  the  course  with  credit.  In 
the  course  on  Fundamentals  of  Food  and  Nutrition  in 
Relation  to  the  War,  two  lectures  by  Professor  Morgan 
were  given  each  week  for  twelve  weeks.  The  enrollment 
was  sixty.  The  twelve  weeks'  course  on  the  Use  and  Con- 
servation of  Food  combined  lectures  with  laboratory  prac- 
tice. This  was  supervised  by  Miss  Davis  assisted  by  Miss 
Alice  B.  McLear.     Sixty-three  were  enrolled. 

At  the  end  of  the  term,  students  registered  in  all  the 
courses  were  asked  to  hand  in  their  names,  home  addresses, 
summer  plans  and  to  indicate  their  willingness  to  assist  in 
Food  Administration  work.  Over  four  hundred  students 
responded,  and  the  data  secured  was  sent  to  the  office  of 
Ralph  P.  Merritt,  Federal  Food  Administrator  of  Cali- 
fornia. 


106  UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFOBNIA 

Final  Rally 

In  the  last  week  of  tlie  term,  May  6  to  May  10,  a  series 
of  five  lectures,  summarizing  as  far  as  possible  the  material 
presented  in  the  lectures  on  Food  and  the  War  was  given. 
From  thirty  to  tifty  persons  were  present  at  each  of  these 
lectures. 

Besides  the  distribution  of  the  pamphlets  sent  us  by 
the  United  States  Food  Administration,  copies  of  the  War 
Emergency  Bulletins  above  mentioned  were  distributed  to 
each  of  the  students  registered  in  the  Food  Administration 
courses. 

Speakers'  Seminar 

At  the  request  of  several  of  the  students  in  these  courses 
an  evening  seminar  in  public  speaking  was  held  weekly 
during  the  term.  Practice  in  short  talks  on  food  conserva- 
tion at  these  meetings  gave  many  students  confidence  to 
address  outside  clubs  and  schools. 

An  exhibit  under  glass,  changing  each  week,  and  illus- 
trating the  material  covered  by  the  lectures  in  Food  and 
the  War,  has  been  maintained  in  the  lower  corridor  of  the 
Library  Building.  Miss  Alice  H.  Metcalf  has  been  in 
charge. 

Volunteer  Student  Service 
Through  the  recommendation  of  Mr,  Merritt,  the  United 
States  Food  Administration  has  asked  Professor  Morgan 
to  act  as  state  secretary  for  California  in  directing  the 
activities  of  the  students  in  food  conservation  courses  in 
the  various  colleges  and  state  normal  schools.  Professor 
^Morgan  was  asked  to  provide  plans  and  an  organization 
for  the  coherent  effectiveness  of  this  potential  force.  She 
expects  to  cooperate  with  the  already  developed  county 
organization  worked  out  by  Mr.  Merritt  and  Miss  Ebbets. 
Besides  the  University  of  California  there  are  seventeen 
other  institutions  in  the  state  which  have  been  giving 
courses  on  the  food  problem.  Miss  Elizabeth  Bridge  has 
been  asked  to  act  as  assistant  in  this  undertaking. 


WAE  SEEVICE  BECOED,  1917-18  107 

Conference  with  Dean  Arnold 
On  April  15,  in  the  Home  Economics  Building  on  the 
Campus,  a  conference  of  representatives  of  all  the  univer- 
sities, colleges  and  normal  schools  of  California  was  called 
by  the  department  at  the  request  of  the  United  States  Food 
Administration.  Dean  Sarah  Louise  Arnold  of  Simmons 
College,  a  representative  of  the  Collegiate  Section  of  the 
United  States  Food  Administration,  spoke  on  the  further 
use  of  women  trained  under  the  plan  of  Food  Conservation 
courses.  The  meeting  was  attended  by  delegates  from  Stan- 
ford University,  the  University  of  Southern  California, 
Mills  College,  Los  Angeles  Normal  School,  San  Jose  State 
Normal  School,  and  also  from  the  normal  schools  at  Fresno, 
Chico,  and  San  Francisco.  A  valuable  spirit  of  cooperation 
among  the  w^orkers  present  was  established  at  this  con- 
ference. 

Dean  Arnold  addressed  a  large  meeting  of  students  in 
Wheeler  Auditorium  the  same  day  upon  the  spirit  of 
noblesse  oblige  as  applied  to  service  for  the  state  in  matters 
of  conservation  by  university  trained  women. 

Division  of  Household  Art 

In  the  summer  of  1917,  during  the  special  term  of  five 
weeks  from  May  21  to  June  23,  four  courses  under  direction 
of  Mary  F.  Patterson,  Assistant  Professor  of  Household 
Art,  were  given  by  the  instructors  in  Household  Art, 
assisted  by  senior  and  graduate  students  of  this  division 
and  five  Red  Cross  volunteer  instructors. 

Two  of  these  were  clothing  courses,  one  of  which  com- 
prised the  making  of  hospital  garments  and  comfort  bags 
in  accordance  with  Red  Cross  specifications  for  civilian 
relief  work.  In  these  courses  mature  women  intending 
to  offer  volunteer  work  were  enrolled.  The  third  was  a 
Red  Cross  course  in  the  Preparation  of  Surgical  Dressings 
in  which  eighty-four  students  enrolled.  Twenty-five  of  this 
number  came  from  rural  districts  and  small  towns,  seven 


108  UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFOENIA 

of  these  representing  Indiana,  Kansas,  Nevada,  Washing- 
ton, Arizona,  Utah,  and  British  Columbia.  Twenty-three 
students  were  recommended  to  the  Women's  Bureau  of  the 
American  Red  Cross  as  instructors  in  the  Preparation  of 
Surgical  Dressings,  receiving  their  certificates  from  Wash- 
ington. Six  of  these  became  instructors  for  the  courses  in 
Surgical  Dressings  undertaken  by  the  women  students  of 
the  University  Red  Cross  at  Hearst  Hall  during  the  second 
semester  of  1917-18.  Twenty-four  others  were  recom- 
mended to  organize  circles  in  Red  Cross  work  in  their  home 
districts  in  California. 

The  fourth  course  offered  suggestions  for  organization 
and  administration  of  women's  war  work,  housekeepers' 
institutes  and  the  establishment  of  home  industries  in  rural 
communities.  Fifty  women  representing  rural  communi- 
ties in  several  other  states  were  enrolled. 

During  the  fall  term,  August  to  December,  1917,  mem- 
bers of  the  Textile  class  tested  samples  of  wool  submitted 
by  the  manufacturers  to  the  Women 's  Bureau  of  the  Amer- 
ican Red  Cross  in  San  Francisco.  Reports  were  sent  to 
the  chairman  of  the  Women's  Bureau  as  to  the  percentage 
of  poor  wool,  and  wool  substitutes  used,  as  well  as  to  the 
spinning  quality  of  the  j^arn. 

In  the  spring  term,  elanuarj-  to  May,  1918,  a  study  of 
costs  of  raw  materials  was  carried  on  by  thirty-five  students 
enrolled  in  House  Management,  each  member  of  the  class 
making  a  careful  survey  of  the  daily  cost  of  food  per  per- 
son in  homes  or  sorority  houses,  schools,  state  or  county 
institutions  throughout  the  bay  district. 

Ten  seniors  and  graduate  students  in  Household  Art 
offered  their  practice  teaching  in  Berkeley  and  Oakland 
schools,  where  the  work  consisted  of  making  garments  for 
civilian  relief  according  to  Red  Cross  specifications. 


WAR  SEBVICE  EECOED,  1917-18  109 


DEPARTMENT  OF  HYGIENE 

The  University  of  California  Infirmary  has  shared  its 
clinic  and  hospital  facilities  with  the  School  of  Military 
Aeronautics,  offering  every  available  assistance  not  only 
with  its  equipment  but  with  its  medical  staff  and  nurses. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  war,  Dr.  R.  T.  Legge,  Professor 
of  Hygiene  and  University  Physician,  with  the  assistance 
of  Dr.  A.  M.  Meads,  Associate  University  Physician  and 
Lecturer  in  Hygiene,  and  now  Captain  in  the  Medical 
Reserve  Corps,  conducted  the  phj^sical  examinations  of 
some  three  hundred  men  for  the  First  Officers'  Reserve 
Training  Camp  at  the  Presidio. 

Through  this  department.  Ambulance  Company,  No.  2, 
U.  S.  A.,  now  at  Allentown,  Pennsylvania,  was  organized 
from  the  student  body  of  the  University.  This  company 
later  became  a  battalion  by  the  addition  of  two  other  com- 
panies from  eastern  universities,  but  the  official  title  of 
No.  2,  known  as  the  University  of  California  Battalion,  still 
remained.  The  officers,  Major  Alvin  Powell  and  Captain 
A.  M.  Meads,  are  members  of  the  Infirmary  staff.  Two 
other  members  of  the  staff  have  also  joined  the  colors ;  Lieu- 
tenant (Junior  Grade)  Milton  Schutz,  Ophthalmologist  in 
the  Infirmary,  is  now  in  the  United  States  Navy,  and  Lieu- 
tenant G.  F.  Stoodley,  Dental  Surgeon,  is  assigned  to  the 
School  of  Military  Aeronautics.^^ 

Three  of  the  staff  nurses.  Miss  Sarah  "W.  Cheek,  Miss 
Theresa  Casenave,  and  Miss  Thea  Hauge,  are  Red  Cross 
nurses  in  active  service — one  in  France,  the  others  in  base 
hospitals  in  the  United  States. 

The  Department  of  Hygiene  has  provided  instructors  in 
the  Red  Cross  courses  and  has  trained  several  hundred  men 
and  women  in  First  Aid  and  Home  Care  of  the  Sick.    These 


22  Since  this  report  was  written,  Dr.  Legge  has  been  commissioned 
Captain  in  the  Medical  Reserve  Corps  and  has  been  detailed  for 
service  at  the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics  located  at  the  Univer- 
sity. He  is  continuing  to  serve  the  University,  hoAvever,  as  Professor 
of  Hygiene  and  University  Physician. 


110  UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

courses  were  conducted  in  the  Summer  School,  the  inter- 
session,  and  during  the  academic  year.  Members  of  the 
staff  have  also  conducted  several  courses  in  First  Aid  and 
Home  Care  of  the  Sick  under  the  auspices  of  the  Berkeley 
Chapter  of  the  American  Red  Cross.  These  activities  were 
carried  on  in  a  creditable  manner  by  the  following: 
Drs.  Paroni-Meads,  Assistant  Professor  of  Hygiene  and 
Physician  for  Women ;  C.  L.  McVey,  Physician  for  Men ; 
Kate  Gompertz,  Physician  for  Women  and  Assistant  in 
Orthopedic  Surgery;  Ruby  S.  Cunningham,  Instructor  in 
Hj^giene  and  Associate  Physician  for  Women;  Mrs.  R.  R. 
Storer,  Assistant  Physician  for  Women,  and  the  Misses 
Ethel  Sherman,  Superintendent  of  Infirmary;  B.  R. 
Steeves,  Assistant  in  Hygiene,  and  Laura  Carins,  Assistant 
in  Hygiene.  Miss  Sherman  is  also  member  of  the  State 
Committee  for  the  American  Red  Cross  Nursing  Service. 

Tlie  Infirmary  staff  made  all  the  physical  examinations 
for  men  entering  the  1917  Summer  School  Military  Camp, 
conducted  by  Major,  now  Lieutenant-Colonel  Nance ;  also 
for  men  entering  two  naval  courses,  given  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  University,  besides  examining  recruits  for 
various  training  camps,  ordnance  courses  and  a  women's 
land  company. 

The  Infirmary  staff  has  rendered  valuable  services  in 
immunizing  men  and  women  who  have  entered  the  Y.  M. 
C.  A.,  Red  Cross,  and  other  agencies,  against  smallpox  and 
typhoid. 

Four  members  of  the  department  are  members  of  the 
executive  committee  of  the  local  chapter  of  the  American 
Red  Cross  and  have  materially  aided  in  the  work  of  the 
Berkeley  chapter. 

Dr.  Legge  is  Director  of  First  Aid  under  the  Bureau 
of  Military  Relief  of  the  Pacific  Division  of  the  American 
Red  Cross  and  has  organized  and  promoted  instruction  in 
First  Aid  and  Safety  in  Industry.  The  object  of  this  work 
is  to  change  the  attitude  of  the  public  towards  accidents, 


WAB  SERVICE  EECOED,  1917-18  111 

and  to   prevent  unnecessary   suffering   and   its   economic 
losses. 

Another  activity  interesting  the  Department  of  Hy- 
giene, and  to  which  the  administrative  head  has  given 
considerable  attention,  is  the  development  of  a  course  of 
Occupational  and  Vocational  Training  for  the  Rehabilita- 
tion of  Crippled  Soldiers  and  Sailors,  It  is  expected  that 
the  authorities  at  Washington  will  recognize  not  only  the 
central  location  of  the  University  of  California,  but  its 
available  resources  to  carry  on  successfully  this  important 
work. 


112  UNIVEriSITY  OF  CALIFOBNIA 


DEPAETMENT  OF  MECHANICAL  AND  ELECTEICAL 
ENGINEEEING 

The  shops  of  the  Department  of  Mechanical  and  Elec- 
trical Engineering  have  become  veritable  war  laboratories. 
The  installation  of  a  new  steam  turbine  and  a  steam  boiler 
of  small  capacity,  the  addition  of  three  steam  engines  of 
representative  type,  as  well  as  internal  combustion  engines 
of  the  marine,  stationary  and  automobile  types  for  experi- 
mental work  in  the  Steam  and  Power  Laboratory  have 
served  effectively  to  meet  the  demands  of  the  hour.  Plans 
for  the  coming  year  include  the  addition  of  a  chair  in 
Marine  Engineering  and  Naval  Architecture,  also  new 
courses  in  Automobile  Engineering  and  Aeronautics,  both 
closel}'  allied  to  the  present  need  for  training  in  military 
engineering. 

C.  L.  Cory,  John  W.  Mackay,  Jr.  Professor  of  Elec- 
trical Engineering,  Consulting  Electric  Light  and  Heating 
Engineer,  and  Dean  of  the  College  of  Mechanics,  is  Assist- 
ant Director  of  the  Division  of  Electrical  Power  Supply 
at  the  United  States  Government  Explosive  Plants.  At 
present  he  is  stationed  at  Charleston  and  Nitro,  West  Vir- 
ginia, where  the  Nitro  Smokeless  Powder  Plant  is  being 
constructed.  Professor  Cory  is  also  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Engineering  and  Inventions  of  the  State  Council 
of  Defense. 

B.  F.  Raber,  Associate  Professor  of  Mechanical  Engi- 
neering, has  been  prominent  in  work  connected  with  the 
School  of  Militar}^  Aeronautics. 

R.  S.  Tour,  Assistant  Professor  of  Gas  Engineering,  is 
First  Lieutenant  in  the  Ordnance  Reserve  Corps,  at  present 
assigned  to  duty  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York  City. 

H.  B.  Langille,  Assistant  Professor  of  Machine  Design 
and  Mechanical  Drawing,  is  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Navy, 
stationed  at  the  United  States  Naval  Training  School,  San 
Pedro. 


WAE  SEEVICE  RECOIW,  1917-18  113 

F.  B.  Pernot,  Assistant  Professor  of  Electrical  Engi- 
neering, is  Captain  in  the  Signal  Reserve  Corps,  assigned 
to  duty  at  the  Bureau  of  Standards,  Washington. 

B.  M.  Woods,  Assistant  Professor  of  Theoretical  Me- 
chanics, is  President  of  the  Academic  Board  of  the  School 
of  Military  Aeronautics. 

B.  R.  Van  Leer,  Instructor  in  Mechanical  Engineering, 
is  First  Lieutenant,  Engineer  Reserve  Corps,  Camp  Lewis, 
Washington. 

G.  L.  Greves,  Instructor  in  Electrical  Engineering,  has 
given  instruction  in  Military  Transmission  of  Intelligence 
to  University  and  other  students.  During  the  1918  Sum- 
mer Session  he  gave  a  six  weeks'  elementary  course  in  radio 
communication.  It  is  planned  to  continue  this  work  in  the 
fall  semester,  w^ith  instruction  in  radio  transmission,  includ- 
ing commercial  and  military  equipment,  elementary  tele- 
graphy, telephony  and  circuit  work.  Code  practice  will  be 
included. 

D.  W.  Dickie,  Lecturer  of  Marine  Engineering  and 
Naval  Architecture,  has  been  practically  in  charge  of  the 
instruction  in  Marine  Engineering  and  Naval  Architecture 
in  the  course  of  naval  preparation  since  January  5,  1918, 
and,  since  May  20,  of  the  engineering  course  of  the  United 
States  Shipping  Board  School  at  the  University. 

A.  B.  Domonoske,  Instructor  in  Mechanical  Engineer- 
ing, has  given  instruction  in  the  engineering  course  of  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board  School  at  the  University. 

L.  B.  Clark,  Mechanic  in  Electrical  Laboratory,  has 
been  a  member  of  the  technical  staff  of  the  School  of  Mili- 
tary Aeronautics  since  July  15,  1917. 

E.  J.  McDonald,  Mechanic  in  Steam  and  Gas  Labora- 
tory, has  been  an  assistant  in  the  laboratories  in  the  engi- 
neering course  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  School 
since  Mav  20. 


114  VNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


MEDICAL   SCHOOL 

The  University  of  California  Medical  School  has  some- 
what modified  its  curriculum  in  order  to  better  prepare 
students  for  their  work  in  the  Army  and  Navy.  It  has  also 
contributed  many  of  its  staff  for  active  government  service, 
chief  among  whom  may  be  mentioned : 

Dr.  H.  C.  Mofiit,  Professor  of  Medicine  and  Dean  of 
the  Medical  School,  Major  and  Chief  of  Medical  Service 
at  Camp  Travis,  Texas  (until  February,  1918)  ;  Dr.  E.  S. 
Kilgore,  Assistant  Clinical  Professor  of  Medicine,  Major; 
Dr.  J.  L.  Wliitney,  Assistant  Clinical  Professor  of  Medi- 
cine, Captain  in  the  Air  Service ;  Dr.  J.  B.  Frankenheimer, 
Instructor  in  Medicine,  Major;  Dr.  E.  J.  Best,  Instructor 
in  Medicine,  Captain;  Dr.  E.  H.  Falconer,  Instructor  in 
Medicine,  Captain;  Dr.  J.  M.  Rehfish,  Assistant  in  Medi- 
cine, Lieutenant ;  Dr.  "W.  W.  Behlow,  Assistant  in  Medicine, 
Lieutenant,  U.  S.  N. ;  Dr.  Lovell  Langstroth,  Instructor  in 
Medicine,  on  local  exemption  board ;  Dr.  L.  H.  Briggs, 
Instructor  in  Medicine,  on  local  exemption  board ;  Dr.  G.  H. 
Evans,  Assistant  Clinical  Professor  of  Medicine,  Chief 
Medical  Examiner  on  the  State  Advisory  Board,  No.  5 ; 
Dr.  S.  H.  Hurwitz,  Assistant  Clinical  Professor  of  Medicine, 
assisting  Dr.  Evans;  Dr.  G.  E.  Ebright,  Assistant  Clinical 
Professor  of  Medicine,  President  of  the  State  Board  of 
Health. 

Department  of  Surgery 

At  the  suggestion  of  the  Surgeon-General  of  the  Army, 
Dr.  T.  W.  Huntington,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Clinical 
Surgery,  made  arrangements  whereby  selected  groups  of 
medical  officers  from  the  United  States  Army  would  be 
instructed  for  a  period  of  one  month  in  the  surgical  treat- 
ment of  fractures,  wounds  and  shock.  On  March  12,  1918, 
the  first  class  of  twelve  Medical  Reserve  officers,  followed 
by  a  second  group  on  April  16,  received  instruction  from 


WAE  SERVICE  RECORD,  1917-18  115 

members  of  the  University  of  California  Medical  School, 
aided  by  faculty  members  of  the  Stanford  University 
School  and  b}^  faculty  members  of  the  Stanford  University 
of  Medicine. 

The  Department  of  Surgery  began  the  organization  of 
Base  Hospital  Unit,  No,  30,  and  gave  intensive  instruction 
to  a  considerable  number  of  the  enlisted  personnel. 

The  following  doctors  have  gone  forth  from  the  depart- 
ment for  immediate  government  service : 

Alanson  "Weeks,  Instructor  in  Surgerj^;  W.  I.  Bald- 
win, Instructor  in  Orthopedic  Surgery;  H.  C.  Naffziger, 
Instructor  in  Surgery;  F.  C.  Lewitt,  Instructor  in  Laryn- 
gology, Otology  and  Rhinology;  H,  S.  Thomson,  Instruc- 
tor in  Surger}^;  L.  P.  Howe,  Instructor  in  Surgery;  L.  C. 
Abbott,  in  the  Department  of  Surgery;  Henry  Horn, 
Assistant  in  Laryngology,  Otology  and  Rhinology ;  W.  A. 
Fisher,  Assistant  in  Orthopedic  Surgery ;  J.  Visalli,  Assist- 
ant in  Surgery ;  J.  H.  Woolsey,  Assistant  in  Surgery ;  F.  H. 
Shook,  Voluntary  Assistant  in  Laryngology,  Otology  and 
Rhinology;  A.  G.  Gibson,  Voluntary  Assistant  in  Surgery; 
Hudson  Smythe,  Assistant  in  Urology ;  C.  A,  Wills,  Volun- 
tary Assistant  in  Surgery.  _ 

Department  of  Pathology 

The  Department  of  Pathology  is  taking  an  active  part 
in  the  instruction  of  Medical  Reserve  Corps  officers,  largely 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  G.  Y.  Rusk,  Associate  Professor 
of  Pathology.  These  officers  receive  demonstrations  in  gross 
pathological  anatomy,  special  emphasis  being  laid  on  the 
clinical-pathological  correlation  in  autopsy  technic,  when 
opportunity  offers,  and  in  surgical  pathology.  It  is  also 
planning  a  series  of  investigations  in  the  pathology  of 
anaerobic  infections,  a  better  knowledge  of  which  is  now 
necessary  for  field  surgery. 


116  UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFOHNIA 

Department  of  Orthopedic  Surgery 

The  Department  of  Orthopedic  Surgery  has  given  in- 
struction in  the  handling  of  plaster,  making  of  bandages, 
application  of  casts,  etc.  It  has  sent  two  doctors  to  the 
British  War  Hospital  at  Edinburgh,  and  has  supplied  its 
quota  to  Base  Hospital  Unit,  No.  30.  Dr.  H.  H.  Markel, 
Assistant  in  Orthopedic  Surgery,  has  examined  several  sea- 
men from  the  Navy  Yard. 

Department  of  Pediatrics 

The  Department  of  Pediatrics  has  contributed  the  fol- 
lowing men  for  the  service :  Dr.  W.  P.  Lucas,  Professor  of 
Pediatrics,  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Medical  and  Social 
Service  Work  and  Civilian  Relief  in  France;  Dr.  H.  K. 
Berkley,  Assistant  in  Pediatrics,  Army  Medical  Corps; 
Dr.  Linton  Gerdine,  Assistant  in  Pediatrics,  Navy;  Dr. 
C.  F.  Gelston,  Assistant  in  Pediatrics,  aiding  Dr.  Lucas 
in  France. 

Department  of  Pathology  and  Bacteriology 

The  war  work  of  the  Department  of  Pathology  and 
Bacteriology  began,  with  the  appointment  of  F.  P.  Gay, 
Professor  of  Pathology  as  a  member  of  the  Medical  Section 
of  the  National  Research  Council  and  the  California  State 
Council  of  Defense,  early  in  1917.  This  was  soon  followed 
by  an  appointment  as  consulting  expert  under  the  Ameri- 
can Red  Cross  for  advice  in  medical  problems  arising  in 
naval  training  stations.  The  first  call  in  this  line  of  duty 
came  in  June,  1917,  from  the  Station  on  Yerba  Buena 
Lsland,  where  a  number  of  cases  of  cerebro-spinal  menin- 
gitis had  occurred  among  recruits.  Professor  Gay,  being 
absent  on  vacation,  delegated  Ivan  C.  Hall,  Assistant  Pro- 
fessor of  Bacteriology,  to  act  in  his  stead.  The  latter 
cooperated  with  Surgeon  P.  S.  Rossiter,  U.  S.  N.,  Senior 
Medical  Officer,  and  Assistant  Surgeon  A.  J.  Minaker  in 
the  establisliment  of  a  bacteriological  laboratorv  and  the 


WAR  SERVICE  RECORD,  1917-18  117 

development  of  suitable  methods  for  the  detection  of 
meningitis  carriers.  Upwards  of  8000  recruits  have  been 
examined  with  the  result  that  even  with  a  greatly'  increased 
and  congested  population  there  have  been  far  fewer  cases 
of  cerebro-spinal  meningitis  during  the  year  than  during 
the  previous  twelve  months.  As  soon  as  Professor  Gay 
returned,  he  undertook  the  investigation  of  a  skin  reaction 
produced  by  injection  of  an  extract  of  meningococcus  cul- 
tures, which  it  was  hoped  would  simplify  the  technic  of 
isolating  carriers.  An  article  entitled  "The  Occurrence 
of  a  Positive  Intracutaneous  Reaction  in  Meningococcus 
Carriers,"  was  published  in  the  Journal  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  January  26,  1918  (vol.  70,  p.  215). 

The  preparation  of  the  above  mentioned  extract  led  to 
an  investigation  by  Miss  Dolores  E.  Bradley,  Assistant  in 
Bacteriology,  and  Professor  Hall  of  the  question  of  suit- 
able methods  for  the  maintenance  of  meningococcus  cul- 
tures, these  organisms  along  with  certain  other  highly  para- 
sitic bacteria  having  been  found  to  require  meticulous 
care  in  their  repeated  propagation  under  artificial  condi- 
tions. Miss  Bradley's  work  has  resulted  in  a  method  of 
culture  of  meningococci  which  tremendously  simplifies  the 
problem  of  maintenance  and  transportation  of  these  organ- 
isms for  experimental  and  diagnostic  purposes  and  in  the 
manufacture  of  antimeningitis  serum.  Her  article  will 
appear  over  her  name  in  tlie  Journal  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  having  been  accepted  under  the  title 
"Simple  Methods  for  Prolonging  the  Viability  of  Menin- 
gococcus Cultures." 

During  the  autumn  of  1917  Professor  Gay  was  ap- 
pointed alternate  director  of  the  Metchnikotf,  one  of  the 
four  Pullman  cars  specially  equipped  by  the  American 
Red  Cross  for  bacteriological  laboratory  purposes  to  be 
used  in  conection  with  outbreaks  of  infectious  diseases  in 
the  national  cantonments.  A  volunteer  scientific  staff  was 
recruited,  among  whom  were  Professor  Hall  and  Dr.  C.  L. 
A.  Schmidt,  Research  Assistant  in  Pathology,  in  addition 


118  UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

to  Professor  Gay.  The  initial  trip  in  this  laboratory  car 
was  made  to  Kelley  Field  No.  1,  San  Antonio,  Texas,  Pro- 
fessor Ga}^  in  the  meanwhile  having  been  appointed  Major 
in  the  United  States  Army  Medical  Corps.  A  further  in- 
vestigation of  methods  for  the  simplification  of  technic  in 
isolation  of  meningococcus  carriers  was  made. 

Certain  investigations  being  conducted  within  the  de- 
partment have  a  definite  bearing  on  problems  of  war,  e.g., 
the  preparation  of  taurin,  its  fate  on  injection,  and  use 
in  the  therapy  of  tuberculosis ;  these  are  being  made  by 
Dr.  Schmidt  and  Mr.  Thomas  "Watson  under  grants  from 
the  State  Council  of  Defense  and  the  George  Williams 
Hooper  Foundation  for  Medical  Research.  Dr.  Schmidt 
has  also  engaged  in  investigations  of  certain  anesthetics. 
Miss  Ruth  Stone,  Edith  Claypole  Research  Assistant  in 
Pathology,  has  continued  a  study  of  the  typhoid  carrier 
condition,  has  aided  Dr.  Schmidt  in  the  study  of  tubercu- 
losis, and  has  made  some  preliminary  studies  on  the  lytic 
action  of  certain  bile  salts  on  pneumococci.  Professor  Hall 
in  collaboration  with  Mrs.  L.  J.  Ellefson  and  other  research 
students  has  continued  and  completed  certain  phases  of 
study  in  connection  with  the  group  of  anaerobic  bacteria 
which  are  so  prominent  in  the  causation  of  gaseous  gan- 
grene, the  most  pressing  bacteriological  problem  of  the  war. 
In  the  same  group  of  organisms  is  found  the  most  danger- 
ous cause  of  food  poisoning.  Bacillus  hotulinus;  several 
instances  have  been  investigated  during  the  past  year.  It 
happens  also  that  similar  organisms  introduce  a  factor  of 
considerable  error  in  the  sanitary  examination  of  drinking 
water  and  milk ;  a  method  has  been  devised  obviating 
approximately  90  per  cent  of  the  errors  due  to  this  cause, 
publication  of  which  is  promised  in  the  July  number  of 
the  Journal  of  Bacteriology  under  the  title  "The  Elim- 
ination of  Spurious  Presumptive  Tests  for  B.  Coli  in  Water 
by  the  Use  of  Gentian  Violet,"  and  "A  Brief  Note  on  the 
Use  of  Gentian  Violet  in  Presumptive  Tests  for  B.  Coli  in 
Milk  with  Reference  to  Sporulating  Anaerobes."     There 


WAE  SERVICE  BECOED,  1917-lS  119 

was  also  published  in  Science,  December  7,  1917  (vol.  46, 
p.  570),  an  article  entitled  "A  Note  on  the  Anaerobic  Cul- 
ture of  Anaerobes  at  Higher  Temperatures." 

Department  of  Ophthalmology 

The  Department  of  Ophthalmology  has  examined  the 
eyes  of  fifteen  hundred  applicants  for  the  Aviation  Corps, 
and  has  given  considerable  instruction  to  oculists  vs^ho  had 
entered  the  Red  Cross  units  and  branches  of  the  Medical 
Reserve  Corps. 

Department  of  Neurology 

The  Department  of  Neurology  has  contributed  100  per 
cent  of  its  staff  to  war  work.  Dr.  R.  L.  Richards,  Lecturer 
in  Psychiatry,  Dr.  C.  L.  Tranter,  Assistant  in  Neurology, 
and  Dr.  H.  W.  Wright,  Assistant  in  Neurology,  are  all  in 
service.  Dr.  Eva  C.  Reid,  Assistant  in  Psychiatry,  is 
abroad  with  the  Women's  Red  Cross;  Dr.  V.  H.  Podstata, 
Lecturer  in  Psychiatry,  has  received  a  commission;  and 
Dr.  R.  W.  Harvey,  Instructor  in  Neurology,  and  Dr.  M.  B. 
Lennon,  Assistant  Clinical  Professor  of  Neurology,  have 
served  on  advisory  boards  as  medical  examiners. 

Department  of  Biochemistry  and  Pharmacology 

The  Department  of  Biochemistry  and  Pharmacology 
has  been  chiefly  engaged  in  the  study  of  the  properties 
and  actions  of  Tethelin,  the  growth-controlling  substance 
from  the  anterior  lobe  of  the  pituitary  body  which  has  been 
shown  to  stimulate  the  healing  of  otherwise  slowly  healing 
wounds.  This  substance  was  the  important  discovery  of 
Dr.  T.  Brailsford  Robertson,  Professor  of  Biochemistry. 
The  substance  having  only  recently  been  discovered,  many 
features  of  its  action  are  still  obscure,  and  these  are  being 
worked  out  as  rapidly  as  means  and  facilities  permit.  The 
experiments  on  the  various  aspects  of  the  growth  of  animals 
are  very  laborious,  as  may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that 


120  UNIFEBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

during  the  past  two  years  over  seven  thousand  weighings 
of  animals  treated  with  Tethelin  have  been  made,  together 
with  some  thirtj"  thousand  weighings  of  control  animals  or 
of  animals  receiving  other  substances  suspected  of  exerting 
action  upon  the  growth  of  tissues.  The  statistical  handling 
of  these  figures  is  in  itself  a  very  onerous  task.  The  feed- 
ing and  care  of  so  many  animals  has  been  a  great  work  and 
expense ;  yet  the  numbers  employed  have  been  insufficient 
to  enable  the  department  to  elucidate  the  various  actions 
of  Tethelin  as  rapidly  as  is  desirable.  Nevertheless  distinct 
headway  has  been  made,  although  our  results  are  still  far 
from  complete. 

In  collaboration  with  Dr.  E.  L.  Barney  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Surgery  a  series  of  experiments  upon  the  action 
of  Tethelin  on  chronic  ulcers  has  been  carried  out  with 
striking  success.  Ulcers  of  from  two  months  to  eleven 
years  standing,  previously  treated  without  success  by  a 
variety  of  methods,  were  in  every  case  cured  by  treatment 
with  Tethelin.  The  maximum  number  of  applications  re- 
quired, in  a  case  of  eleven  years  standing,  was  twenty. 

The  University  of  California  having  leased  its  patent 
riglits  in  Tethelin  to  the  H.  K.  Mulford  Company  of  Phila- 
delphia, the  problem  of  practical  manufacture  has  been 
taken  up  hy  them  in  collaboration  with  this  department.  A 
series  of  practical  difficulties  have  been  successfully  solved 
and  the  large  scale  production  of  Tethelin  is  now  well 
under  way,  so  that  it  will  soon  be  available  for  general 
medical  and  surgical  use. 

Another  phase  of  research  having  strong  bearing  upon 
the  war  has  been  the  thorough  investigation  by  Dr.  E.  S. 
Sundstroem  during  the  past  three  years,  of  the  effects  of 
high  altitude  upon  metabolism.  He  has  complied  a  mono- 
graph upon  this  subject  from  the  results  of  very  numerous 
a)id  laborious  analj^ses.  These  resvTlts  which  will  shortly 
be  published  have  a  strong  bearing  on  the  question  of 
aviation  sickness.  He  has  reached  the  conclusion,  which 
Avould  seem  to  be  adequately  supported  by  his  results,  that 


WAK  SERVICE  RECOEB,  1917-18  121 

mountain  sickness  is  due  to  an  alkalosis,  or  increase  in  the 
alkalinity  of  the  blood,  which  the  body  combats  by  an 
accelerated  excretion  of  alkaline  bases.  This  work  is  now 
to  be  extended  and  confirmed  by  further  experiments,  and 
to  this  end  a  large  vacuum  chamber  has  been  constructed 
in  which  animals  can  be  placed  and  kept  at  reduced  atmos- 
pheric pressure  for  prolonged  periods  of  time. 

Department  of  Physiology 

The  most  important  war  service  of  the  Department  of 
Physiology  has  been  its  regular  work  in  the  teaching  of 
medical  students,  a  number  of  whom  after  being  drafted 
have  been  sent  back  by  the  military  authorities  to  complete 
their  medical  education.  Other  work  in  instruction  of  the 
department  is  a  necessary  part  of  the  education  of  nurses 
and  of  persons  preparing  for  public  health  service. 

In  the  latter  part  of  April,  Assistant  Professor  T.  C. 
Burnett  went  to  Camp  Kearney  to  act  as  Associate  Field 
Director  in  the  American  Red  Cross.  He  has  devoted  the 
long  summer  vacation  to  this  work. 

The  research  work  of  the  department  all  has  more  or 
less  direct  bearing  on  medical  progress.  Associate  Professor 
S.  S.  Maxwell  has  been  engaged  in  a  study  of  the  effect 
of  certain  drugs  on  the  central  nervous  system.  He  has 
also  made  progress  on  a  mechanical  device  for  the  rapid 
calculation  of  the  proportion  of  the  various  food  principles 
in  dietaries  and  inidvidual  ration  allowances. 

Assistant  Professor  Burnett  has  attempted  the  applica- 
tion of  an  internal  lavage  of  wounds  by  the  production  of 
an  increased  lymph  flow.  Instructor  Lillian  M.  ]\Ioore  has 
studied  intensively  the  effect  on  body  temperature  of  cer- 
tain brain  injuries ;  two  parts  of  this  work  are  completed 
and  will  appear  in  the  June  number  of  the  American 
Journal  of  Physiology.  Assistant  J.  A.  Larson  has  been 
engaged  on  the  study  of  the  effect  of  extracts  of  the  endo- 
crine glands  on  the  growth  of  tissue. 


122  VNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFOENIA 

Dr.  E.  S.  May  has  made  encouraging  progress  in  the 
study  of  the  pathway  of  temperature  impulses  in  the  spinal 
cord,  a  matter  of  great  importance  in  diagnosis  of  results 
of  certain  sorts  of  wounds. 

Los  Angeles  Medical  Department 

The  Los  Angeles  Medical  Department  of  the  University 
became  engaged  in  aviation  examination  work  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  w^ar,  and  word  has  just  been  received  from 
the  War  Department  that  it  is  desired  again  to  start  this 
work  in  Los  Angeles  for  the  entire  Pacific  southwest.  The 
Los  Angeles  Medical  Department  has  loaned  a  large  portion 
of  its  hospital  building  to  the  Medical  Examining  Board 
of  the  Los  Angeles  District.  The  department  has  in  con- 
templation a  plan  whereby  graduate  instruction  may  be 
given  to  medical  officers  in  the  near-by  camps  and  canton- 
ments, and  also  to  such  other  physicians  as  are  entering 
the  service  and  likely  to  be  called  upon  by  the  government 
to  do  a  certain  amount  of  hospital  work. 

Hooper  Foundation  for  Medical  Research 

The  Hooper  Foundation  offered  a  course  in  laboratory 
training,  open  to  women,  during  the  summer  session  of 
1918,  the  object  being  to  prepare  individuals  for  technical 
positions  in  the  base  hospitals.  There  is  urgent  need  for 
such  technicians. 

Each  month  a  group  of  army  officers  is  detailed  to  the 
school  for  intensive  training.  This  work  takes  consider- 
able time,  but  the  teachers  in  charge  have  faithfully  dis- 
charged all  their  other  duties  in  addition  to  this  new 
branch  of  service. 

Dr.  K.  F.  Meyer,  Associate  Professor  of  Tropical  Medi- 
cine, applied  himself  to  studying  typhoid  carriers,  the  epi- 
demiology of  dysentery  infections  on  the  Pacific  Coast, 
types  of  pneumococci  and  streptococci  found  in  cases  of 
pneumonia,    spore-bearing    anaerobes    responsible    for   gas 


WAE  SEEVICE  EECOED,  1917-18  123 

gangrene,  and  toxin  production  of  anaerobes  concerned  in 
wound  infections.  The  school  is  now  in  possession  of  a 
complete  series  of  anaerobes  isolated  from  war  wounds  in 
France. 

Dr.  Alice  Rohde,  Assistant  Professor  of  Research  Medi- 
cine, has  been  engaged  in  an  experimental  study  of  Dakin's 
Solution  with  particular  reference  to  its  action  on  ferment 
and  autolysis  of  various  tissues. 

Dr.  E.  L.  Walker,  Associate  Professor  of  Tropical 
Medicine,  has  investigated  the  treatment  of  carriers  of 
andamoebic  dj'sentery,  and  the  chemotherapy  of  infectious 
diseases  due  to  the  acid-fast  bacilli,  with  special  reference 
to  tuberculosis.  He  has  also  investigated  the  obscure  eti- 
ology of  certain  infectious  diseases — leishmaniasis,  myositis, 
purulenta  tropica,  granuloma  inguinale,  etc.,  with  material 
collected  in  South  America. 

Although  Dr.  C.  W.  Hooper,  Assistant  Professor  of 
Research  Medicine,  has  been  called  to  the  Hygienic  Labor- 
atory in  Washington,  Mrs.  F.  W.  Robscheit,  Fellow  in  the 
Hooper  Research  Laboratory,  and  Dr.  G.  H.  Whipple, 
Professor  of  Research  Medicine  and  Director  of  the  Hooper 
Foundation  for  Medical  Research,  are  continuing  the 
work  of  studying  pigment  metabolism  and  anemia.  Dr. 
Whipple,  assisted  by  Messrs.  Davis,  Foster  and  McQuarrie, 
is  investigating  the  peculiar  condition  of  shock  which  de- 
velops in  animals,  caused  by  dilution  of  the  blood  plasma 
effected  by  plasmapharesis.  The  exchange  of  fluid  between 
the  blood  and  tissue  has  a  definite  bearing  on  clinical  shock. 


124  UNIFEESITY  OF  CALIFOBNIA 


DEPAETMENT   OF  MINING  AND  METALLURGY 

The  facilities  of  the  College  of  Mining,  its  teaching  staff 
and  several  of  the  stndents  have  been  employed  in  work 
thought  to  be  of  importance  at  this  time.  Supplementing 
these  activities,  experiments  of  value  in  devising  ways  and 
means  of  increasing  the  production  of  metals,  the  demand 
for  which  has  been  created  by  the  war,  have  been  greatly 
encouraged. 

An  exhaustive  study  has  been  made  of  the  possibilities 
of  concentrating,  beneticiating  and  rendering  available  the 
low  grade,  manganese  ores  of  California,  particularh^  for 
use  in  the  manufacture  of  ferroalloys.  A  very  compre- 
hensive and  exhaustive  report  was  prepared  by  E.  A.  Her- 
sam,  Associate  Professor  of  Metallurgy,  and  published  in 
the  Universit}^  of  California  Press,  March  26,  1918  (Engi- 
neering ser.,  vol.  2,  pp.  1-56).  The  great  demand  for 
copies  of  this  work  has  led  to  its  wide  circulation  through- 
out the  state. 

The  treatment  of  antimony  ores  with  particular  refer- 
ence to  the  temperature  conditions  of  roasting  was  studied 
by  G.  McM.  Ross,  under  direction  of  the  department.  The 
results  of  this  work  are  now  being  utilized  and  are  available 
for  public  information. 

In  cooperation  with  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau, 
a  complete  study  of  the  possibilities  of  concentrating  quick- 
silver ores  has  been  undertaken,  the  results  of  which  were 
made  the  subject  matter  of  a  thesis  presented  by  W.  W. 
Bradley  for  the  degree  of  mining  engineer  in  the  Univer- 
sity, A  report  will  be  issued  by  the  California  State 
]\Iining  Bureau  reviewing  the  metallurgical  treatment  of 
quicksilver  ores,  and  embodying  the  results  of  his  researches. 

V.  S.  Chow,  under  the  guidance  of  the  department, 
investigated  the  conditions  prevailing  in  the  distillation 
and  condensation  of  cinnabar  ore.  His  conclusions  are 
offered  for  the  master's  degree  in  metallurgy. 


WAR  SEEVICE  BECOBB,   1917-18  125 

The  electrical  equipment  for  electrofusion  experimen- 
tation has  been  completed  and  certain  initial  work  in 
electrometallurgy  has  been  carried  on.  This  will  be  con- 
tinued in  the  studies  of  ferroalloys. 

An  extended  series  of  experiments  to  determine  limi- 
tations in  the  oil  flotation  of  manganese  ores  has  been 
conducted  by  A.  M.  Sperry,  a  senior  in  the  College  of 
Mining. 

In  the  hope  of  finding  an  economical  and  commercial 
method  of  concentrating  chromite-bearing  sands  of  the 
western  coast,  many  elaborate  experiments  were  conducted 
by  E.  V.  Daveler  and  H.  I.  Altshuler.  The  results,  while 
not  immediately  practical,  are  nevertheless  sufficiently 
encouraging  to  justify  continued  investigation. 

Dr.  S.  Trood  and  H.  B.  Hyder  have,  under  the  direction 
of  W.  S.  Morley,  Assistant  Professor  of  Metallurgj^  experi- 
mented on  the  possibilities  of  the  direct  reduction  of  iron, 
manganese  and  other  ores ;  the  information  thus  obtained 
led  to  the  building  of  a  test  plant  at  Herroult,  California. 
This  type  of  work  is  vital  to  the  solution  of  many  problems 
in  the  economy  of  iron  production  in  the  "West. 

Mr.  John  Bouse,  under  the  direction  of  Professor  Her- 
sam,  conducted  some  large  scale  experiments  to  determine 
the  possibilities  of  recovering  and  refining  copper  from 
waste  metal  such  as  brass,  bronze  and  foundry  sweepings, 
by  hydroelectrolytic  treatment.  The  result,  thus  far,  has 
thrown  light  on  the  great  problem  of  preventing  waste  of 
valuable  metal  and  adding  to  the  nation 's  supply  of  refined 
materials. 

Charles  A.  Hyder  has  critically  investigated  the  possi- 
bility of  the  manufacture  of  ferromagnesite  used  in  the 
steel  industry,  hoping  to  be  able  to  make  an  acceptable 
substitute  for  the  magnesite  heretofore  imported  from 
Austria. 

Professor  Morley  has  made  a  number  of  metallographic 
investigations  on  the  steel  parts  used  in  airplane  motors 
for  the  Hall-Scott  Motor  Company,  and  has  also  conducted 


126  UNIFEESITY  OF  CALIFOENIA 

detailed  microscopic  analyses  of  steel  for  the  Equipment 
Production  Engineering  Department  of  the  United  States 
Signal  Corps. 

L.  C.  Uren,  Assistant  Professor  of  Mining,  made  some 
preliminary  investigations  of  the  blanketing  action  of  cer- 
tain froths  in  preventing  evaporation  losses  of  oils.  He 
also  delivered  a  course  of  eight  lectures  on  the  Mechanical 
Handling  of  Industrial  Materials  in  the  Ordnance  Store- 
keepers' School  on  the  Campus.  He  devoted  four  hours  a 
week  to  the  University  of  California  Military  Bureau  as 
assistant  manager.  As  assistant  to  the  Fuel  Oil  Adminis- 
trator of  California,  Professor  Uren  has  undertaken  special 
investigative  work  in  the  California  oil  fields.  Professor 
Uren  has  been  commissioned  Captain  in  the  Chemical  War- 
fare Service  and  has  been  sent  overseas. 

The  Berkeley  Experiment  Station  of  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Mines,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  L.  H.  Duschak, 
has  devoted  its  energies  during  the  last  year  exclusively  to 
the  investigation  of  problems  bearing  directly  on  the  pro- 
duction of  war  minerals.  A  few  advanced  students  of  the 
College  of  Mining  have  collaborated  in  this  work. 


WAR  SEBVICE  JRECOED,  1017-18  127 


DEPARTMENT   OF   PALEONTOLOGY 

J.  C.  Merriam,  Professor  of  Palaeontology  and  Historic 
Geology,  has  been  made  chairman  of  the  scientific  branch 
of  the  State  and  National  Council  of  Defense  and  is  now 
in  Washington,  D.  C,  engaged  in  work  of  a  highly  impor- 
tant character  for  the  National  Council  of  Defense. 

Chester  Stock,  Research  Assistant  in  Palaeontology,  is 
a  member  of  the  Pacific  Coast  Research  Conference. 

Mussel  Survey 

The  chief  work  of  the  Department  of  Palaeontology  has 
been  its  survey  of  mussels  in  California  as  embodied  in  its 
report  to  the  Zoological  Committee  of  the  State  Council  of 
Defense. 

The  mussel  survey  of  the  coast  of  California  was  begun 
by  C.  A.  Kofoid,  Professor  of  Zoology.  The  general  pur- 
pose was  to  encourage,  so  far  as  possible,  the  use  of  mussels 
as  food,  the  object  being  to  increase  both  the  supply  and 
the  demand.  In  order  to  increase  the  supply,  it  was 
planned  to  induce  the  canneries  along  the  coast  to  pack 
mussels.  As  a  direct  aid  to  the  canneries,  it  was  proposed 
to  make  a  survey  of  the  coast  to  determine  where  the  shell- 
fish could  be  found  in  abundance,  and  also  to  determine  as 
far  as  possible  the  tonnage  which  the  canneries  might  ex- 
pect to  collect  at  different  localities. 

Professor  Kofoid  began  his  work  early  in  the  summer 
of  1917.  The  publicity  part  of  the  work  was  delayed, 
however,  due  to  the  occurrence  during  the  summer  of  sev- 
eral cases  of  mussel  poisoning,  raising  the  question  as  to 
whether  it  was  safe  to  encourage  further  the  use  of  mussels 
at  this  time. 

The  Bureau  of  Fisheries  detailed  two  men,  E.  P.  Ran- 
kin, Biologist  of  the  ship  "Albatross,"  and  H.  L.  Kelly, 
Statistician,  to  work  under  Professor  Kofoid 's  direction. 
Professor  Kofoid  also  asked  Bruce  L.  Clark,  Instructor  in 


128  UNirEESITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Palaeontology  of  the  University,  to  help  in  the  quanti- 
tative survey.  Messrs.  Rankin,  Kelly,  and  Clark  were 
directed  to  make  a  detailed  examination  of  the  quantity 
of  mussels  along  the  California  coast.  Mr,  Kelly  was 
assigned  to  the  coast  south  of  San  Francisco,  while  the 
coast  north  of  San  Francisco  to  the  Oregon  line  was 
assigned  to  the  other  two.  This  work  was  begun  about 
the  last  of  October,  1917.  On  account  of  winds  and  rains 
the  survey  in  the  north  was  discontinued  about  Decem- 
ber 1. 

A  large  part  of  Professor  Kofoid's  attention  was  given 
to  the  study  of  the  mussel-poisoning  problem,  and  a  series 
of  tests  on  guinea  pigs  was  made  in  cooperation  with  the 
State  Board  of  Health.  The  final  conclusions  were  that 
mussel  poisoning  is  not  apt  to  occur  provided  the  shellfish 
are  collected  in  the  proper  places  and  at  the  right  time  of 
the  year  and  that  if  the  proper  precautions  are  taken  in 
collecting  the  mussels,  they  are  a  good  substitute  for  fish 
and  meats. 

When  Professor  Kofoid  entered  the  Sanitary  Corps  of 
the  United  States  Army  he  asked  Dr.  Clark  to  continue  the 
work  of  the  survey,  as  chairman  of  the  subcommittee.  It 
was  agreed  that  Mr.  Rankin  should  be  a  member  of  the 
committee  and  that  the  two,  with  further  cooperation  from 
Mr.  Kelley,  should  continue  the  work. 

The  main  purpose  of  the  survey  of  the  distribution  and 
abundance  of  the  mussel,  Mytilns  californicus,  along  the 
coast  of  California  is  to  determine  its  possible  commercial 
utilization  as  a  food  product.  It  is  proposed,  in  carrying 
on  this  investigation,  to  visit  all  the  important  localities 
along  the  coast  where  the  mussel  is  found  in  any  great 
abundance.  The  preliminary  report  on  the  distribution  of 
Mytilus  californiciis  in  California  by  Dr.  Harold  Heath 
et  at.  to  the  California  Fish  and  Game  Commission  is  being 
used  as  a  guide  to  the  most  important  localities.  At  every 
locality  where  mussels  are  present  in  sufficient  quantity, 
an  estimate  is  to  be  made  of  the  tonnage.    This  will  be  done 


WAR  SEEVICE  BECOED,  1917-18  129 

by  obtaining  an  estimate  of  the  square  yards  of  area  cov- 
ered by  the  mussels ;  from  this,  the  weight  can  be  computed 
with  fair  accuracy.  Tests  to  determine  the  accuracy  of 
such  measurements  have  been  made. 

An  estimate  of  the  amount  of  meat  per  ton  of  the 
unshucked  mussels  is  being  made.  This  will  be  checked 
against  canners'  experience. 

Notes  are  being  taken  as  to  the  conditions  under  which 
the  shellfish  will  have  to  be  gathered  at  the  various  locali- 
ties, and  also  as  to  the  accessibility  of  the  different  localities 
to  the  market  or  canneries.  The  question  of  the  rate  of 
growth  of  the  individuals  has  been  studied  in  order  to 
ascertain  the  proper  lapse  of  time  between  successive  col- 
lecting periods. 

Those  making  the  survey  are  securing  all  available 
information  concerning  the  different  cases  of  mussel  poison- 
ing, and  also  all  possible  data  concerning  the  enemies  of  the 
mussels,  and  the  parasitic  diseases  with  which  they  may 
be  infected. 

A  stud}^  is  being  made  as  to  the  size  at  which  the  mussel 
is  most  edible,  and  in  this  connection  all  data  on  the  food 
value  of  the  shellfish  and  methods  of  preparing  it  for  the 
table  are  being  collected. 

Data  as  to  period  of  spawning  and  the  sexual  characters 
of  the  species  are  being  brought  together,  while  suggestions 
will  be  sought  as  to  methods  of  collecting,  marketing  and 
canning. 

A  campaign  has  been  begun  to  accpiaint  the  public  with 
the  possibilities  of  the  mussel  as  a  food.  A  series  of  articles 
on  the  mussel,  its  value  as  a  food,  etc.,  is  being  sent  to  about 
six  hundred  newspapers  throughout  the  state.  I\I.  E.  Jaffa, 
Professor  of  Nutrition,  has  consented  to  write  a  University 
bulletin,  and  has  also  prepared  popular  articles  for  news- 
papers on  the  food  value  of  the  mussel.  Miss  Jessica 
Hazzard,  of  the  Los  Angeles  State  Normal  School,  is  bring- 
ing together  all  known  recipes  for  cooking  mussels,  and  is 
experimenting  to  discover  new  ways  of  preparing  this  food. 


130  UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  results  of  her  experiments  also  will  be  published  as  a 
bulletin. 

Mr.  Rankin  has  written  to  all  the  canneries  along  the 
California  coast  to  find  out  whether  they  are  willing  to 
commence  canning  mussels.  A  number  of  replies  have  been 
received,  and  in  every  case  the  answer  has  been  that  if  the 
canneries  could  be  assured  a  market  for  the  product  they 
would  be  very  glad  to  can  them. 

Further  investigations  of  the  cause  of  mussel  poisoning 
have  been  conducted.  While  it  is  believed,  with  Professor 
Kofoid,  that  mussel  poisoning  is  not  a  serious  danger  pro- 
vided the  necessary  precautions  are  taken  in  collecting,  yet 
it  seemed  best  to  have  more  positive  evidence  to  present  to 
the  public  as  to  the  causes.  "With  this  in  mind,  arrange- 
ments were  made  with  the  State  Board  of  Health  to 
continue  the  experiments  on  guinea  pigs.  It  is  proposed 
to  subject  the  live  mussels  to  different  degrees  of  heat  for 
different  lengths  of  time,  after  they  have  been  taken  out 
of  the  water,  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  or  not  the  poison- 
ing is  really  due  to  heat  and  exposure.  Dr.  T.  B.  Robert- 
son, former  Professor  of  Biochemistry  of  the  University, 
has  written  a  statement  as  to  the  possible  character  of  the 
poisoning.  A  circular  letter  has  been  sent  to  all  the  physi- 
cians connected  with  the  State  Board  of  Health,  asking  for 
information  concerning  mussel  poisoning. 


WAE  SEEVICE  EECOBD,  1917-18  131 


CALIFOENIA  COLLEGE  OF  PHARMACY 

The  College  of  Pharmacy  has  responded  promptly  to 
every  government  call  for  pharmacists,  with  the  result  that 
ninety-one  graduates  and  students  are  in  the  military 
service  of  the  country.  A  gold  star,  representing  J.  M. 
Simmons,  class  of  '14,  marks  the  service  flag.  A  course  in 
Military  Hygiene  and  First  Aid  has  been  of  material  assist- 
ance to  the  military  authorities  about  the  bay  counties. 

Dr.  H.  M.  Simmons,  Associate  Professor  of  Materia 
Medica  and  Pharmacy,  and  Lecturer  on  Toxicology,  and 
Dr.  H.  B.  Carey,  Professor  of  Botany,  Materia  Medica 
and  Physiology,  and  Instructor  in  Anatomy,  Histology, 
Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,  are  serving  the  exemp- 
tion boards  in  their  districts. 


132  UNIFEESITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


DEPAETMENT   OF   PHYSICS 

The  shop  of  the  Department  of  Physics  has  been  used 
for  the  construction  of  special  apparatus  and  for  repair 
work  for  the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics,  for  the  Signal 
Corps  under  the  direction  of  Captain  G.  M.  Stratton,  Pro- 
fessor of  Psychology,  and  for  the  Shipping  Board  under 
the  direction  of  E.  E.  Hall,  Associate  Professor  of  Physics. 

L.  T.  Jones,  Instructor  in  Physics,  is  First  Lieuten- 
ant in  the  Aviation  Corps;  W.  P.  Koop,  Instructor  in 
Physics,  is  Lieutenant  in  the  Naval  Reserve ;  Grandison 
Garner,  Assistant  in  Physics,  is  Second  Lieutenant  in  the 
Army;  C.  E.  Pierce,  Assistant  in  Physics,  is  in  Company 
B,  California  Engineers ;  H.  0.  Russell,  Assistant  in 
Physics,  is  in  the  Aviation  Corps ;  L.  A.  Welo,  Assistant  in 
Physics,  has  been  detailed  to  the  Forest  Testing  Labora- 
tory, C.  H.  Kunsman,  Whitney  Fellow  in  Physics,  is  civi- 
lian instructor  in  the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics ;  H.  H. 
Anderson,  Whiting  Fellow  in  Physics,  is  enlisted  in  the 
Signal  Corps ;  Paul  Taylor,  Assistant  in  Physics,  is  civilian 
instructor  in  the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics. 

E.  P.  Lewis,  Professor  of  Physics,  has  served  in  a  con- 
fidential capacity  for  the  National  Research  Council.  He 
is  chairman  of  the  Physics  Committee  and  a  member  of  the 
Committee  on  Engineering  and  Invention  of  the  Confer- 
ence Committee  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense. 

Professor  Hall  has  carried  out  certain  tests  in  connec- 
tion with  the  research  work  of  the  United  States  Shipping 
Board. 


IVAE  SERVICE  RECORD,  1917-18  133 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHYSICAL  EDUCATION 

Under  normal  conditions  the  activities  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Ph^'sical  Education  for  Men  are  largely  of  such 
a  nature  that  they  may  be  classed  legitimately  as  military 
training.  It  is  the  aim  of  the  department  to  maintain  and 
improve  the  health  of  all  male  students,  and  to  develop  in 
them  those  mental,  moral  and  physical  traits  imperative 
to  success  in  military  life.  The  method  of  procedure  fol- 
lowed b}'  the  department  during  the  past  three  years  is 
cited  b}'  the  oifice  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  of 
Education  in  his  recommendations  to  the  National  Council 
of  Defense  as  typical  of  the  method  of  physical  education 
to  be  followed  throughout  the  colleges  of  the  country  as  an 
aid  in  military  training. 

The  chief  war  work  of  a  specific  nature  in  which  the 
department  has  been  engaged  is  that  of  organizing  and 
conducting  the  athletics  of  the  School  of  Military  Aero- 
nautics. 

This  department  has  also  given  special  instruction  to 
the  University  of  California  cadet  officers  for  the  purpose 
of  fitting  them  to  drill  men  in  the  official  army  calisthenics 
as  set  forth  by  Major  Koehler  of  West  Point;  it  has  like- 
wise trained  the  prospective  naval  officers  enrolled  in  the 
naval  preparation  course  at  the  University  in  the  official 
Navy  calisthenics.  These  differ  decidedly  from  those  of 
tlie  Army. 

In  the  organization  of  teachers'  training  courses  for 
both  the  fall  and  summer  session,  this  department  has  been 
making  special  efforts  to  meet  the  overwhelming  demand 
for  competent  teachers  in  tliis  field.  It  is  also  expecting 
to  lend  assistance  to  the  Medical  School  in  the  development 
of  its  prospective  plan  for  the  training  of  reconstrnetion 
aides. 

Classes  have  been  organized  to  accommodate  facidty 
men,  several  of  whom  have  undertaken  the  work  to  fit 
themselves  for  military  service. 


13-4  UNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Special  corrective  gymnastics  have  been  conducted  for 
the  correction  of  flat-foot  and  kindred  ailments  barring- 
men  from  the  military  service,  A  bulletin  on  foot  hygiene 
and  the  correction  of  flat-foot  was  compiled  for  publication 
by  the  Military  Bureau.  This  bulletin  has  been  in  great 
demand  and  has  been  highlj'  appreciated  by  various  mili- 
tary authorities. 

The  members  of  the  department  are  publishing,  through 
the  American  Physical  Education  Review,  a  Manual  on 
War  Sports,  for  use  in  high  schools  and  army  camps.  The 
department  has  been  asked  by  the  Berkeley  Board  of 
Education  to  make  a  survey  of  the  Berkeley  schools  and 
to  recommend  proper  equipment  and  methods  to  meet  the 
double  demand  of  military  and  physical  training. 

F.  W.  Cozens,  Instructor  in  Physical  Education,  is 
Instructor  in  Calisthenics  in  the  School  of  Military  Aero- 
nautics. 

The  Department  of  Physical  Education  for  Women  is 
represented  on  the  honor  roll  l)y  Miss  Maude  Cleveland, 
Director  of  Women's  Gymnasium  and  Assistant  Professor 
of  Physical  Education,  who  is  serving  the  government  in 
France. 


WAi:  SEIiriCE  EECOED,  1917-18  135 

SCRIPPS  INSTITUTION  FOR  BIOLOGICAL  RESEARCH 
Kelp  Industry 

The  function  of  the  Institution  in  the  kelp  industry  is  to 
supply  the  State  Fish  and  Game  Commission  information 
and  advice  based  on  scientific  inquiry,  as  to  when  the  dif- 
ferent kelp  beds  shall  be  declared  open  and  when  closed, 
i.e.,  when  they  may  and  when  they  may  not  be  harvested, 
the  Connnission  being  empowered  by  law  to  make  and 
enforce  the  regulations. 

The  requisite  information  is  obtained  by  general  and 
special  inquiry.  "General  inquiry"  consists  in  rather  fre- 
quent general  examinations  of  the  beds  to  ascertain  the 
state  of  growth,  areal  abundance,  health,  etc.,  of  the  plants. 
"Special  inquiry"  consists  in  botanical  studies  on  the 
plants,  such  problems  as  their  sporulation,  embryogeny, 
bacterial  infection,  etc.,  being  involved. 

The  work  is  in  the  immediate  charge  of  Mr.  W.  C. 
Crandall,  Business  Agent  of  Scripps  Institution.  The 
botanical  investigations  are  being  conducted  by  Dr.  R.  P. 
Brandt. 

The  somewhat  elaborate  scheme  of  dividing  the  entire 
kelp  area  into  numbered  units  and  securing  a  "gentle- 
man's agreement"  among  the  harvesting  companies  as  to 
who  shall  cut  in  different  places,  is  largely  due  to  Mr. 
Crandall.  Funds  for  prosecuting  this  work  are  derived 
from  a  state  imposed  tonnage  tax  on  the  wet  kelp  harvested, 
the  proceeds  being  allotted  jointly  to  the  State  Game  and 
Fish  Commission  and  the  Scripps  Institution. 

Fishing  Industry 

Work  of  the  Institution  relative  to  the  fishing  industry 
is  of  several  kinds  and  may  be  classified  according  to  the 
agencies  by  which  they  are  carried  on. 

1.  The  Institution  in  cooperation  witii  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Fisheries. 


13(5  VNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFOEXIA 

During  and  for  some  time  after  the  fishing  season  of 
1917,  experimental  fishing  was  carried  on  for  the  purpose 
of  ascertaining  more  definitely  than  the  industrial  fishing 
has  determined,  the  area  over  which  tuna,  the  long  finned 
albacore,  may  be  obtained ;  where  these  fishes  go  when  they 
leave  the  fishing  area  in  the  fall,  and  other  matters  involv- 
ing the  distribution  and  life  habits  of  the  fish.  The  aim 
of  this  work  was  to  get  information  which  would  enable 
the  fishermen  to  ply  their  vocation  more  effectively  and  to 
increase  the  output. 

Also  in  connection  with  the  Bureau  of  Fisheries,  a 
report,  as  exhaustive  as  possible,  is  being  prepared  on  the 
relation  of  the  fishing  done  in  waters  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  United  States  and  tho'se  of  Mexican  jurisdiction  and 
influence.  The  aim  of  this  study  is  to  ascertain  the  rela- 
tive amounts  of  fish  taken  under  the  two  jurisdictions  and 
from  the  high  seas;  conditions  as  to  concessions  for  fish- 
ing in  Mexican  waters,  and  as  to  fees  and  other  cliarges 
exacted  hy  the  Mexican  government  and  Mexicans ;  and 
other  matters  affecting  the  industry  and  international  ques- 
tions involved  therein. 

The  Bureau  of  Fisheries  furnishes  the  money  expended 
directly  on  these  inquiries,  the  Institution  contributing  cer- 
tain facilities,  and  some  labor  of  its  scientific  staff  and 
workmen.  The  scientific  director  of  the  Institution  has  been 
appointed  Director  of  Operations  by  the  Bureau  for  its 
work  in  this  region  and  Mr.  W.  C.  Crandall,  its  special 
agent  for  certain  purposes. 

2.  The  Institution  in  cooperation  with  the  Bureau  of 
Chemistry  and  the  Federal  Food  Administration. 

The  work  here  consists  of  experimentation  on  methods 
of  preserving  fish  other  tlian  canning.  Smoking,  kippering, 
dry-salting  and  brine-salting  are  being  tried,  and  various 
species  of  fish  are  being  utilized,  special  attention  being 
given  to  sardines  too  large  for  canning. 

The  Bureau  of  Chemistry  has  assigned  an  expert,  Mr. 
Horace    Davi,    to    this    work;    the    Institution    providing 


ll'JE  SERVICE  RKCORD,  1017-18  137 

laboratory  and  other  facilities  aiid  tiie  fresh  fish,  in  part, 
used  in  the  experiments. 

3.  In  cooperation  with  the  Council  of  Defense  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  problem  undertaken  in  this  connection  was  that  of 
bringing:  the  Institution's  programme  of  research  on  the 
plankton  as  the  fundamental  food  supply  of  commercial 
fishes,  and  on  the  hydrography  of  the  fishing  area  as  part 
of  the  environment  of  the  fishes,  into  the  service  of  the 
fishing  industry.  The  aim  here  has  been  twofold:  the 
possible  increase  of  productiveness  of  the  industry,  and 
the  furnishing  of  information  on  which  to  base  regulative 
and  protective  measures  for  the  fishing  industry.  The 
funds  supplied  by  the  Council  of  Defense  for  this  work 
during  the  last  year  will  not  be  continued  next  year,  but 
the  Institution  plans  to  keep  up  the  investigation  in  part, 
at  least,  on  its  own  account. 

4.  JMr.  Crandall  is  serving  as  Fish  Administrator  for 
Soutliern  California  under  the  National  Food  Administra- 
tion. This  responsible  position  absorbs  the  major  part  of 
Mr.  Crandall's  time. 


]38  UNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFOBXIA 


SUMMER  SESSIONS  OF  1918 

The  two  summer  sessions  of  1918  were  war  sessions. 
The  following  courses  w'ill  give  some  idea  of  the  channels 
of  work  in  which  the  students  were  engaged :  Automobile 
Construction,  Contemporary  Social  Problems,  Elementary 
Bacteriologj%  Elementary  Cooking,  Essentials  of  Public 
Health,  Europe  since  1815,  First  Aid,  Food  and  Dietetics, 
French  Civilization,  Geography  of  Europe,  General  Ath- 
letics, Government  of  Germany  and  Prussia,  History  of 
Germany  and  Prussia,  History  of  American  Diplomatic 
Kelations,  Home  Care  of  the  Sick,  Juvenile  Delinquency, 
Medical  and  Psychological  Problems,  Military  German, 
Military  Sketching,  Navigation  and  Nautical  Astronomy, 
Plane  Trigonometry,  Political  Development  of  ]\Iodern 
Russia,  Political  Institutions  of  France,  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Vocational  Guidance,  Problems  of  Individual 
and  National  Conduct,  Radio  Telegraphy. 

Five  definite  schools  occupied  twelve  weeks  of  intensive 
war  training:  (1)  School  for  the  Training  of  Reconstruc- 
tion Aides,  (2)  School  for  Nursing,  (3)  School  of  Social 
Economics,  (4)  School  for  Stenographers,  (5)  School  for 
Laboratory'  Technicians. 

During  both  sessions  a  number  of  speakers  representing- 
various  nations  of  the  Allies  and  patriotic  organizations, 
addressed  the  students  and  the  general  public  on  war 
topics. 

For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  University  a  sum- 
mer session  was  held  in  Los  Angeles  from  June  24  to 
August  3.  The  reports  of  attendance  indicated  that  the 
experiment  was  a  decided  success. 

At  Berkeley  the  attendance  of  3417  far  exceeded  the 
most  sanguine  anticipations.  The  total  number  of  4016 
students  registered  at  Los  Angeles  and  at  Berkeley  was 
greater  than  any  previous  summer  session  enrollment  in 
the  history  of  the  University.     The  popularity  of  the  ses- 


iWili    SERVICE  FECOED,  1917-18  139 

sioii  was  due,  no  doul)!,  to  the  predominance  of  war  courses 
and  to  tlie  feeling  of  the  students  that  preparation  for 
personal  efficiency  was  preparation   for  national   service. 


STUDENT   PAETICIPATIOX   IX   WAR   ACTIVITIES 

The  National  Service  Committee,  an  organization  con- 
sisting of  seven  students  appointed  by  the  President  of  the 
Associated  Students  of  the  University  of  California,  raised 
$40,000  on  the  campus,  this  to  be  divided  among  the  various 
war  and  civilian  charities.  During  the  Second  Liberty 
Loan  campaign,  bonds  to  the  extent  of  $73,000  were  sold. 
During  the  next  campaign,  the  committee  disposed  of  ap- 
proximately $60,000  worth  of  bonds. 

The  University  of  California  Auxiliary  to  the  Berkeley 
Chapter  of  the  American  Ked  Cross  maintains  work  rooms 
in  Hearst  Hall  which  are  open  every  afternoon.  During 
the  year  1917-1918  the  women  of  the  University  completed 
more  than  15,000  surgical  dressings,  700  hospital  garments, 
2000  knitted  articles,  425  Christmas  packages,  200  pounds 
of  trench  candles,  and  have  equipped  and  sent  out  four 
emergency  kits. 

More  tiian  two  thousand  dollars'  worth  of  thrift  stamps 
have  been  sold,  thousands  of  copies  of  the  Daily  Calif ornian 
have  been  sent  to  the  University's  soldiers  in  France,  and 
the  Ked  Cross  has  been  aided  from  time  to  time  by  dona- 
tions of  clothes,  shoes,  and  money  from  the  sale  of  paper. 


140  UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


WILMEEDING  SCHOOL  OF  INDUSTEIAL  AETS 

Two  hundred  and  thirty  graduates  of  the  Wilmerding 
School  of  Industrial  Arts  are  now  in  active  service.  Due  to 
their  mechanical  training,  many  of  them  have  been  assigned 
to  the  signal  corps,  the  aviation  service,  the  auto-truck 
service  and  other  branches  where  such  training  is  needed. 

The  active  students  are  organized  as  a  branch  of  the 
Junior  Red  Cross.  A  fund  of  one  thousand  dollars  has 
been  raised  with  which  to  manufacture  hospital  equipment 
needed  for  various  camp  activities.  The  shop  students  are 
also  at  work  trying  to  solve  an  important  problem  for  one 
of  the  military  hospitals,  namely,  to  keep  food  warm  while 
in  transit  from  the  general  kitchen  to  twenty-four  different 
wards,  and  while  being  served  to  the  individual  patients. 

A  ten  weeks  course  in  First  Aid  was  well  attended  by 
both  boys  and  girls.  The  students  have  bought  upwards  of 
a  thousand  dollars'  worth  of  thrift  stamps,  and  several  class 
organizations  have  bought  liberty  bonds.  Many  of  the 
boys  are  in  the  Boys'  Working  Reserve  and  have  aided  the 
farmers  throughout  the  state  during  the  summer  vacations. 

B.  0.  Weeks  '16  went  down  with  the  Tuseania,  and 
C.  Y.  LeGal  '17  died  in  France. 

i\rr.  F.  M.  Williams,  teacher  in  science,  has  enlisted  in 
the  service,  and  Mr.  A.  Hood,  foreman  in  the  electrical 
shop,  reported  for  duty  on  June  1,  1918. 

Geo.  A.  Merrill,  Director  of  the  Wilmerding  School,  has 
been  a  member  of  the  San  Mateo  Count}'  Draft  Board  since 
July  1,  1917,  serving  as  secretary  of  the  board  from  July  1 
to  December  31,  1917,  and  as  president  since  that  time. 


WAE  SEE  VICE  RECOFD,  J  917-1 8  141 


DEPARTMENT  OF  ZOOLOGY 

Tlie  principal  work  of  tlie  Department  of  Zoology  has 
been  its  active  efforts  to  eradicate  the  hookworm  from  cer- 
tain infested  districts  in  California.  Besides  personal  visits 
to  those  districts,  the  staff  has  outtitted  a  room  in  East  Hall 
for  rapidly  making  examinations  to  detect  the  presence  of 
the  hookworm  and  other  intestinal  parasites.  The  results 
thus  far  have  been  encouraging  and  give  grounds  for  the 
hope  that  the  hookworm  infection  may  be  completely  eradi- 
cated from  the  state. 

Dr.  C.  A.  Kofoid,  Professor  of  Zoology  and  Assistaiit 
Director  of  the  Scripps  Institution  of  Biological  Research, 
and  Dr.  S.  J.  Holmes,  Professor  of  Zoology,  are  members 
of  the  Committee  of  Zoological  Research  of  the  State  Coun- 
cil of  Defense.  The  former,  in  collaboration  with  Dr.  B.  L, 
Clark,  Instructor  in  the  Department  of  Palaeontology,  has 
devoted  considerable  time  to  the  study  of  mussel  poisoning 
in  California.  Dr.  Kofoid  is  a  Major  in  the  Sanitary  Corps, 
and  W.  A.  Boeck,  graduate  student,  is  Assistant  in  the 
Sanitary  Corps. 

Dr.  H.  C.  Bryant,  Economic  Ornithologist,  California 
Museum  of  Vertebrate  Geology,  is  a  member  of  the  Sub- 
committee of  Zoological  Investigations  of  the  Pacific  Coast 
Research  Conference. 

A.  L.  Barrows,  Instructor  in  Zoology,  is  First  Lieuten- 
ant, 0.  R.  C,  Machine  Gun  Battalion. 


142  VNIVEESITY  OF  CJLIFOBXIA 

PERSONAL  SERVICES  OF  MEMBERS  OF  THE  FACULTY 
Department  of  Anthropology 

Mr.  W.  C.  McKern,  Research  Fellow  in  the  Department 
of  Anthropology,  has  enlisted  in  the  Army.  Other  mem- 
bers of  the  staff  have  been  prominent  in  Red  Cross  and 
Liberty  Loan  drives. 

School  of  Architecture 

The  School  of  Architecture  has  been  of  material  aid  to 
the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics  in  contributing  the  use 
of  its  rooms  for  the  making  of  important  maps.  One  mem- 
ber of  the  staff  is  in  the  artiller}^  while  the  course  in  luival 
engineering  has  claimed  a  number  of  architecture  students. 
Three  of  the  women  students  are  in  service  at  Mare  Island, 
and  a  fourth  one  is  assisting  the  Extension  Division  of  the 
University  of  California  in  courses  on  Naval  Construction. 

Department  of  Drawing  and  Art 

P.  W.  Nahl,  Instructor  in  Freehand  Drawing  and  Art 
Anatomy,  has  made  a  large  map  used  for  observation  pur- 
poses in  the  School  of  Aeronautics.  Courses  in  drafting 
have  been  designed  to  aid  art  students  wiio  enter  branches 
of  the  service  requiring  this  teclmical  know^ledge. 

Herman  Kower,  Associate  Professor  of  Drawing,  is  a 
iiKMiiber  of  the  Pacific  Coast  Research  Conference. 

Department  of  Education 

C.  E.  Rugli,  Professor  of  Education,  is  chairman  of 
•the  State  Committee  in  charge  of  the  ''Go-to-College"  cam- 
paign instituted  by  the  Committee  on  Education  and 
Special  Training,  War  Department,  Washington,  D.  C, 
and  endorsed  by  President  Wilson  and  Secretary  Frank- 
lin K.  Lane. 


W.iJx'  SEFVICE  BECOh'D,  1917-18  \  \.\ 

W.  W.  Kemp,  Professor  of  School  Administration,  for 
the  past  year  has  been  a  niemV)er  of  tlie  Children's  Com- 
mittee of  the  Associated  Charities  of  San  Francisco,  which 
committee  has  devoted  itself  almost  entirely  to  the  problem 
of  juvenile  moral  delincjuents  as  a  menace  to  the  military 
cantonments  in  California.  He  has  also  been  a  member  of  a 
joint  committee  selected  from  this  and  other  civic  agencies 
in  the  state  which  assembled  and  placed  before  the  Gover- 
nor and  the  State  Board  of  Control  data  concerning  the 
above  problem.  During  May  and  June  he  was  assistant  in 
the  Military  Bureau. 

Department  of  English 

C.  M.  Gayley,  Professor  of  the  English  Language  and 
Literature,  and  Dean  of  the  Faculties,  is  in  the  service  of 
the  Liberty  Loan  Committee  of  the  Twelfth  Federal  Re- 
serve District,  the  Pacific  Division  of  the  American  Red 
Cross,  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  and 
other  i)atriotic  organizations.  He  has  delivered  many 
addresses  and  has  written  numerous  articles  in  support  of 
the  cause  of  the  United  States  and  the  Allies. 

W.  M.  Hart,  Associate  Professor  of  English  Philology, 
as  Dean  of  the  1918  Summer  Sessions,  has  organized  the 
courses  of  instruction  with  a  view  to  their  practical  bearing- 
upon  immediate  war  service  and  the  problems  issuing  from 
the  war.    He  is  serving  as  one  of  the  Four  Minute  Men. 

B.  P.  Kurtz,  Associate  Professor  of  English,  has  spoken 
during  the  Red  Cross  and  War  Savings  Stamp  drives  and 
has  delivered  war  speeches  in  several  of  the  high  schools  of 
the  state. 

T.  F.  Sanford,  Assistant  Professor  of  English  Litera- 
ture, has  aided  the  Red  Cross  in  San  Francisco. 

G.  R.  MacMinn,  Instructor  in  English,  has  assisted  in 
the  Military  Bureau;  under  the  direction  of  this  bureau 
H.  E.  Cory,  Assistant  Professor  of  English,  and  A.  G. 
Brodeur,  Instructor  in  English  Philology,  have  written  a 
number  of  articles  on  subjects  connected  with  the  war. 


]44  UNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFOBNIA 

II.  L.  Bruce,  Assistant  Professor  of  English  Composi- 
tion during  the  summer  of  1918,  was  temporarily  employed 
in  one  of  the  government's  shipyards. 

Leonard  Bacon,  Instructor  in  English,  is  Lieutenant  in 
the  American  Air  Service,  at  San  Diego ;  R,  H.  Clark  and 
R.  G,  Ham,  instructors  in  English,  have  entered  the  mili- 
tarj^  service ;  and  Guy  Montgomery,  Instructor  in  English, 
lias  taken  part  in  the  activities  of  the  Four  Minute  Men. 


Department  of  Geography 

The  Department  of  Geography  gave  part  of  the  instruc- 
tion in  the  courses  preparatory  for  naval  service  offered 
during  the  University  year  1917-18.  The  course  in 
Oceanography  and  Marine  Meteorology  was  conducted  by 
R.  S.  Holway,  Associate  Professor  of  Physical  Georgraphy, 
and  B.  M.  Varney,  Instructor  in  Geography. 

The  School  of  Military  Aeronautics  has  made  use  of  the 
department's  laboratory  for  the  construction  of  a  model  in 
relief  of  a  portion  of  Belgium. 


Department  of  German 

C.  H.  Bell,  Instructor  in  German,  has  been  commis- 
sioned Captain  in  the  Quartermaster's  Division  of  the 
United  States  Reserves  and  is  on  duty  in  the  military 
postoffice  at  Hoboken,  New  Jersey.  H.  K.  Schilling,  Pro- 
fessor of  the  German  Language  and  Literature,  Franklyn 
Schneider,  Instructor  in  German,  and  L.  M.  Price,  Instruc- 
tor in  German,  have  volunteered  their  services  for  war 
work,  and  more  recently  have  responded  to  a  call  from  the 
Office  of  Naval  Intelligence,  of  the  Navy  Department,  for 
"linguists  who  speak  and  write  German  fluentl3^"  At  this 
writing,  however,  they  have  not  been  given  the  opportunity 
to  do  actual  service. 


WAli  SEEVICE  BECOBI),  1917-18  U.3 

Department  of  Greek 

The  activities  of  the  Department  of  Greek  have  neces- 
saril}'  been  confined  to  the  personal  endeavors  of  its  staff. 
J.  T.  Allen,  Associate  Professor  of  Greek,  is  associate  mem- 
ber of  the  Berkeley  Board  of  Legal  Advisors,  while  G.  M. 
Calhoun,  Assistant  Professor  of  Greek,  has  been  Assistant 
Manager  of  the  Military  Bureau. 

Department  of  History 

The  Department  of  History  has  given  a  number  of 
courses  bearing  directly  on  the  events  that  led  to  the 
present  war.  II.  Morse  Stephens,  Sather  Professor  of  His- 
tory, lectured  during  the  spring  term  of  1918  on  the  History 
of  Europe  since  1815.  This  course  was  duplicated  in  the 
1918  Summer  Session. 

Herbert  E.  Bolton,  Professor  of  American  History  and 
Curator  of  Bancroft  Library;  C.  E.  Chapman,  Assistant 
Professor  of  Latin-American  and  California  Historj^  and 
K.  C.  Leebrick,  Assistant  Professor  of  History-,  have  all 
aided  in  Red  Cross  and  Liberty  Loan  drives,  and  are 
official  Four  Minute  Men.  Professor  Leebrick  is  at  present 
in  charge  of  the  War  Aims  course  in  the  School  of  Voca- 
tional Training.  Professor  Bolton  is  a  member  of  the 
board  of  editors  of  the  California  War  Bulletin  published 
under  the  supervision  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense. 
R.  F.  Scholz.  Assistant  Professor  of  Ancient  History,  has 
been  assistant  in  the  Military  Bureau. 

The  following  present  or  former  members  of  the  depart- 
ment are  in  active  service :  F.  W.  Riibke,  Assistant  in  His- 
tory, Officers'  Training  Corps,  Camp  Lewis;  E.  R.  Brite, 
former  secretary  of  the  department,  Regimental  Sergeant 
Major,  A.  E.  E. ;  D.  V.  H.  Stearns,  former  secretary.  Cor- 
poral, Depot  Brigade,  Camp  Lewis ;  C.  G.  Davidson,  Assist- 
ant in  History,  First  Lieutenant,  Canadian  Army,  received 
the  Military  IMedal ;  he  was  severely  wounded  in  combat 
but  recovered;  Keith  Vosburg,  Assistant  in  Ilistorj^  First 


]4()  UNIFEESITY  OF  CALIFOENIA 

Lieutenant,  A.  F.  S.,  A.  E.  F.,  received  the  Croix  de  Guerre 
Mareli  2,  1918,  for  bravery  under  fire ;  T.  B.  Kittredge, 
Assistant  in  History,  Lieutenant  (Senior  Grade),  Navy; 
J.  M.  Seammell,  Assistant  in  History,  Captain,  A.  E.  F. ; 
J.  G.  Iliff.  Assistant  in  History,  with  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  in 
France;  E.  G.  Sewell,  former  secretary.  First  Lieutenant, 
A.  E.  F. 

Department  of  Irrigation 

During  the  current  year  the  Department  of  Irrigation 
has  given  valuable  information  and  advice  to  those  writing 
to  the  University  for  assistance  in  the  development  and  use 
of  water  for  irrigation.  Owing  to  war  conditions  there  has 
been  an  added  amount  of  correspondence,  to  which  the 
department  has  gladly  responded. 

Department  of  Jurisprudence 

A.  T.  Wright,  Professor  of  Law,  offered  a  course  in 
Military  Law  covering  such  topics  as  martial  law,  court- 
martial,  the  rule  of  land  warfare  and  other  subjects  likely 
to  be  of  importance  to  those  who  are  brought  into  relation 
with  the  military  forces  of  the  United  States.  He  also  gave 
a  scries  of  lectures  in  Military  Law  to  the  students  enrolled 
in  the  various  ordnance  schools  held  on  the  campus.  In 
addition.  Professor  Wright  was  Assistant  Counsel  to  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board  and  the  United  States 
Shijoping  Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation. 

A.  M.  Kidd,  Professor  of  Law,  is  assistant  in  the  Mili- 
tary Bureau,  and  is  prominent  in  Red  Cross  work. 

Mr.  M.  W.  Dobrzensky,  Lecturer  in  Commercial  Law, 
entered  the  Fourth  Officers'  Training  Camp,  securing  a 
Second  Lieutenant's  commission, 

J.  U,  Calkins,  Lecturer,  in  Commercial  Law,  is  First 
Lieutenant,  0.  R.  C. 

C.  H.  Lindley,  Honorary  Professor  of  the  Law  of  Mines 
and  Water,  is  Assistant  to  Herbert  Hoover. 

H.  H.  Phleger,  Lecturer  in  Law,  is  Ensign,  U.  S.  N. 


WAF  HEUVIVE  FErOh'I).   1917-18  147 

1)< partment  of  Latin 
The  war  work  of  the  Department  of  Latin  has  consisted 
in  the  personal  services  of  its  members.  L.  J.  Richardson, 
Associate  Professor  of  Latin,  is  Manager  of  the  Military 
Bureau;  Clifton  Price,  Assistant  Professor  of  Latin,  is 
assistant  in  the  same  office ;  0.  M.  Washburn,  Assistant 
Professor  of  Classical  Archaeology,  and  member  of  the 
Pacific  Research  Conference,  also  has  been  a  great  aid  in 
the  Bureau ;  M.  E.  Deutsch,  Assistant  Professor  of  Latin, 
was  Registrar  on  Draft  Registration  Day;  and  W.  A. 
Merrill,  Professor  of  Latin  Language  and  Literature,  was 
Chief  Registrar  on  Draft  Registration  Day. 

Department  of  Mathematics 
The  Department  of  Mathematics  has  aided  virtually 
every  new  "service"  school  which  has  been  in  any  way 
connected  with  the  University.  B.  M.  Woods,  Assistant 
Professor  of  Theoretical  Mechanics,  has  devoted  all  his  time 
to  the  School  of  Military  Aeronautics ;  T.  M.  Putnam,  Asso- 
ciate Professor  of  Mathematics,  has  directed  the  courses  in 
naval  preparation;  M.  W.  Haskell,  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics, has  given  a  special  course  in  trigonometry  to  fifty- 
eight  students  in  the  Navigation  School ;  Dr.  Williams, 
lecturer  in  1917-18,  was  given  charge  of  one  of  the  govern- 
ment schools  in  navigation.  In  addition,  Thomas  Buck, 
Assistant  Professor  in  Mathematics,  during  the  second 
half-year,  served  as  secretary  of  the  Committee  on  Research 
of  tlie  State  Council  of  Defense.  H'e  has  since  been  com- 
missioned First  Lieutenant  in  the  Ordnance  Corps.  Dr. 
Barter,  teaching  fellow  in  1917-18,  is  serving  in  the  British 
army.  Dr.  Taylor  has  entered  the  Naval  Aviation  School 
at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  and  C.  A. 
Noble,  Associate  Professor  of  Mathematics  and  Professor 
Haskell,  are  associate  members  of  the  Legal  Advisory 
Board  of  Alameda  County.  D.  N.  Lehmer,  Associate  Pro- 
fessor of  Mathematics,  is  a  member  of  the  Pacific  Coast 
Research  Conference. 


148  UNIVEFSITY  OF  CALIFOENIA 

Department  of  PhUosoplwj 

G.  M.  Stratton,  Professor  of  Psychology,  is  Captain  in 
the  Air  Service ;  A.  U.  Pope,  Assistant  Professor  of  Philos- 
ophy, has  been  engaged  in  government  research  work  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  and  C.  I.  Lewis,  Assistant  Professor  of 
Philosophy,  is  with  the  Artillery  at  Fort  Scott,  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

Warner  Brown,  Assistant  Professor  of  Psychology,  is 
a  member  of  the  Subcommittee  on  Psychological  Investiga- 
tions of  the  Pacific  Coast  Research  Conference. 

Department  of  Political  Science 

Studies  of  European  and  world  politics  occupied  a  large 
portion  of  the  Political  Science  courses.  Problems  of 
Reconstruction  after  the  War,  was  given  by  William  Mac- 
Donald,  Lecturer  in  Political  Science.  The  governments 
of  France,  England,  and  Germany  were  analyzed  in  courses 
given  by  Ludwik  Ehrlich,  Lecturer  in  Political  Science. 
Edward  Elliot,  Professor  of  Liternational  Law  and  Poli- 
tics, instructed  two  classes  in  International  Law,  one  of 
these  being  a  seminar  in  the  most  important  issues  which 
have  arisen  since  August  1,  1914.  During  the  year  ten 
pul)lic  lectures  on  topics  bearing  directly  on  the  war  were 
given  in  Wheeler  Hall  by  Professor  Elliott,  Dr.  MacDonald 
and  Dr.  Ehrlich.  The  entire  staff  gave  frequent  addresses 
throughout  the  state  on  war  subjects,  and  have  contributed 
liberally  to  the  newspapers  and  periodicals  on  questions 
dealing  most  intimately  with  the  war. 

The  following  men  have  entered  the  service  of  the 
government:  1).  P.  Barrows,  Professor  of  Political  Science, 
Major  of  Cavalry,  Intelligence  Section,  U.  S.  A. ;  J.  R. 
Douglas,  Instructor  in  Political  Science,  Food  Administra- 
tioji  in  Washington;  J.  R.  Thomas,  Teaching  Fellow  in 
Political  Science,  American  Air  Service ;  M.  I.  Lavine, 
Teaching  Fellow  in  Political  Science,  Navy;  M.  W.  Gra- 


WAE  SERVICE  EECORD,  1917-18  149 

ham,  Teaching  Fellow  in  Political  Science,  Reconstruction 
Work  in  France;  T.  G.  Chamberlain,  Teaching  Fellow  in 
Political  Science,  Second  Lieutenant,  First  Anti-Aircraft 
Battalion ;  R.  M.  Dorton,  First  Lieutenant,  National  Army. 
Dr.  MacDonald  is  a  member  of  the  United  States  Public 
Service  Reserve. 


Department  of  Public  Speaking 

The  Department  of  Public  Speaking  has  been  especially 
active  in  furthering  the  war  aims  of  the  national  govern- 
ment. Through  its  head,  M.  C.  Flaherty,  Associate  Pro- 
fessor of  Forensics,  it  has,  in  cooperation  with  the  State 
Council  of  Defense,  contributed  its  share  towards  making 
more  efficient  the  work  of  the  Four  Minute  Men.  Classes 
were  established  for  the  training  of  these  speakers,  and 
for  others  who  were  preparing  to  aid  the  government  in  its 
publicity  campaign.  Model  speeches  were  drawn  up  and 
forwarded  to  Washington  to  serve  as  guides  for  those 
engaged  in  speaking  for  the  Liberty  Loan  issues.  Indi- 
vidual speakers  were  coached  for  special  occasions. 

Under  the  direction  of  C.  D.  von  Neumayer,  Assistant 
Professor  of  Public  Speaking,  plays  were  given  for  the 
benefit  of  the  Red  Cross  and  Belgian  Relief  Funds.  Other 
members  of  the  Department  of  Public  Speaking  have  given 
readings  and  recitals  before  gatherings  of  enlisted  men. 
Graduate  and  undergraduate  students  in  the  department 
have  toured  the  state  in  the  interests  of  food  conservation. 
Three  of  its  teaching  staff  are  now  serving  the  colors. 

Newton  B.  Drury,  former  instructor,  is  Second  Lieu- 
tenant, Balloon  Service,  stationed  at  Arcadia,  California. 

George  Boas,  Instructor  in  Public  Speaking,  is  First 
Lieutenant,  A.  E.  F. 

A.  H.  Hankey,  Teaching  Fellow  in  Public  Speaking, 
is  Second  Lieutenant,  A.  S.  E.  R.  C,  A.  E.  F. 


150  VNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Department  of  Romanic  Languages 

The  demand  for  French  and  Spanish  has  greatly 
increased  as  a  result  of  the  war,  and  the  courses  have  been 
so  arranged  as  to  provide  a  speaking  knowledge  not  only  of 
the  classical  portion  of  the  Romanic  languages,  but  also  of 
the  war  terms  of  everyday  use. 

L.  M.  Turner,  Assistant  Professor  of  French,  a  Lieu- 
tenant at  Camp  Kearney,  is  organizing  French  classes  for 
officers  and  soldiers,  while  Gilbert  Chinard,  Professor  of 
French,  has  cooperated  in  the  publication  of  a  French  war 
vocabulary  of  a  scientific  character. 

Alfred  Solomon,  Instructor  in  French,  is  with  the  Y.  M. 
C.  A.  in  France. 

Department  of  Semitic  Languages 

Professor  M.  A.  Meyer,  Lecturer  in  Semitic  Literature 
and  History,  has  been  active  in  civilian  duty.  He  is  Chair- 
man of  the  Jewish  Welfare  Board  of  the  United  States 
Army  and  Navy,  Northern  California  Branch ;  Direct  ^v 
of  the  San  Francisco  Chapter,  Red  Cross;  Vice-Chairman 
of  the  Civilian  Relief  Section,  San  Francisco  Red  Cross ; 
committee  member  of  the  Sj^rian  and  Armenian  Relief 
Fund;  member  of  the  British,  French,  and  Belgian  Com- 
mission for  the  Blind ;  and  member  of  the  Belgian  Relief 
Commission. 

William  Popper,  Associate  Professor  of  Semit^'c  Lan- 
guages, has  been  collecting  funds  in  Berkeley  for  the 
Young  Men's  Hebrew  Association. 

Department  of  Slavic  Languages 

Lieutenant  Milutin  Krunich,  Assistant  in  Serbo- 
Croatian,  has  written  an  important  war  book  entitled  Serbia 
Crucified.  The  University  of  California  is  issuing  it  as 
one  of  its  volumes  in  the  Semicentennial  Series. 


*  ^7  f  ,     14 


m  I 


THE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 

1    L  .1 

University  of  California 

SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 

305  De  Neve  Drive  -  Parl<ing  Lot  17  •  Box  951388 

LOS  ANGELES,  CALIFORNIA  90095-1388 

Return  this  material  to  the  library  from  wliich  it  was  borrowed. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNU 

AT 

LOS  ANGELES 

LIBRAKY 


I 


3   1158  00772   1 7 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


AA    001  101  583    1 


%~n 


